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TECHNOLOGYIMPROVEMENTS
+MORE LANDS
MORE PRODUCTIONMORE FOOD
POPULATION INCREASES
MIGRATION TO NEW LANDS /TOWNS
RECOVERY OF TRADE
ECONOMY EXPANSION 12th and 13th century
THE AGRARIANREVOLUTION
11th and 12thcentury
Improvements after 11th century
From the old Roman plough…
Very light, not useful for hard soils…
To the new Norman plough…
Stronger, easy to carry by beasts…
Improvements after 11th century
THE IRRUPTIONOF TRADE
Guilds
Master crafttsmen(maestros)
Journeymen(oficiales)
Apprentices
The new trade routes
THE TRADE
• Local comercial activity (local markets)• Long distance trade (trade fairs,
• Geographical areas:– Mediterranean sea (Italy, Cataluña, Muslims,
Bizantium)– Atlantic and Baltic Sea (Hansa, Low countries,
England, North of Spain…)
LOCAL MARKETS
WHAT CAN YOU SEE HERE?MAKE A DESCRIPTION
Cultivatedlands
WallsJewish quatier
Alcázar de la ciudad(fortress) Main convents, churches
and palaces
A MEDIEVAL TOWN: CÁCERES (12th – 15th century)
River
Cultivated lands and river.Every town needed accessto water and food supply. These lands have been cultivated from 11th century onwards.
ROMAN PASTMost of the medievalEuropean cities were old Roman towns, butnot all. .
Cáceres, Arco del Cristo
WALLS AND GATES.They were very important in most of the towns,In case of war or siege. In peacetime, the gates Were locked after sunset.
SQUARE AND UPPER DISTRICTThe main square in thetown was the place wherethe most remarkable eventsTook place: the market and the Celebration of religious acts
URBAN CONVENTSThe church started to live In towns, in the way of newConvents, hospitals, parishChurches…
San Pablo, 15th century
NOBILITY PALACESHad the aspectOf a fortress orCastle…
But in the endOf Middle Agethey lost theirMilitary appearanceAnd became moreLuxurious.
JEWISH QUATIER(judería de Cáceres)Medieval towns createdDistricts for minoritiesLike Muslims and Jews.
CRAFTSMEN and GUILDSwith the same activityused to live and work in the same street, sometimesout of the walls.
CITY COUNCIL & TOWNHALLEvery town had his own council and townhall,And won independence from feudal lords.
URBAN PRIVILEGES AND LAWS, COUNCILS.Medieval towns had their own laws, so citizenswere free from feudal lords. Kings granted and protected these laws.
FUEROS DE CÁCERES13th century (1230)
These are some of the medieval laws from Cáceres (13th century)
The rise of monarchies: causes.
MONARCHIES
Have morepower because…
The rise of the bourgeoisie(burguesía).
The economic growth.
They expanded their territories.
By wars By familiar alliances
More taxes,More economicpower
The rise of monarchies: consequences.
MONARCHIESNow…
Fight between empire and papacy
Were not so dependent from feudal lords.
Start to fight for privileges and power against the church.
They start to fight against otherKingdoms.
Hundred years war
PARLIAMENTS- Third estate- Nobility- Church
EUROPE14th CENTURY:THE RISE OFMONARCHIES
THE MAIN CONFLICTS:
HUNDRED YEARS WARPAPACY Vs. EMPIREAVIGNON SCHISM
THE ORIGIN: THE HOLY ROMANEMPIRE VS. PAPACY
THE INVESTIDURE CONTROVERSY (12th -14th century)
THE PROBLEM: WHO WAS THE RIGHT PERSON TOAPPOINT BISHOPS?
THE MILITARPOWER
THE CHURCH POWER
NOBLESTHE CHURCH
OTON III(10th century)
HENRY IV VS. GREGORY VII
The German Emperordressed like a beggarand barefoot.
The PopeForgiving him
El derecho y la política ,Según el gordito Tomás
THE AVIGNON SCHISM
The pope from Avignon The pope from Rome
THE AVIGNON SCHISM(14th century)
CONCILIE OF CONSTANZA 1415
HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337-1453)
English bowmen Heavy armoured knights
French flag(Capets)English flag
(Plantagenets)
THE ENGLISH BOWMEN
St. George cross
Long pikesWooden pikes
Long bow
Great battles: Agincourt (1415)
There were alsoRepublics in theBig cities of ItalyControlled byNobility and Bourgueoisie.
THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGE
• CAUSESToo much population
+
Agriculture stagnation
-Less food -
Weaker population DISEASES:
THE PLAGUEBAD CROPS:CLIMATE CHANGE
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS
The spread of the Plague (¡¡la peste!!)
FLEA
The population ofEurope declined More than one third in 50 years, Only 50 millions of population at The begining of the 15th century.
The ebola plague (2014)
The plague(1347-1351)
The crisis of the late Middle Age (14th century)
DEMOGRAPHICCRISIS
ECONOMICCRISIS
CONSEQUENCES
COLD CLIMATE
FALL IN PRODUCTION
LESS TRADE MORE WARS
SOCIAL UNREST(RIOTS)
PEASANTS REVOLTS(JACQUERIE)
TENSION IN CITIES
ANTI JEWISH RIOTS
JACQUERIE (1358)Peasants revolts in the french countryshireAgainst the feudal nobles because of high taxes.
POGROMS AGAINST THE JEWSPeople thought
They were guilty for the crisis.(GERMANY, 14th century)
URBAN CULTURE:THE UNIVERSITIES
GOTHIC STYLE(13th – 16th century)Urban andReligious style:
Palaces, markets halls, Councils…Cathedrals, churches And convents.
Just to start…
Similitudes?Differences?Which are relevant?Big ideas?
Conclusion…
Saint Peter kerkLeiden, Holland, 15th c.
Frómista, Spain
Romanesque and gothic churchshave the same structure (cross-shape) and same parts(apse, naive, facade, towers, transept)
Gothic churches are higher than Romanesque style. They used to be more luminous Than the earlier ones, andThey use new elements, like pointed arch
Leiden, Holland
FeaturesRIBBED VAULTPOINTED ARCHROSE WINDOWFLYING
BUTTRESSESROSE
WINDOWSPINNACLES
SainteChapelle(París)
Ribbed vault(bóveda de crucería)
Pointed arch(arco apuntado)
FEATURES:
Cathedral León
ROSE WINDOW
Notre Dame(París)
GuadalupeMonastery14th century
WIDE WINDOWS AND STAINED GLASSES
Sainte Chapelle13th century(París)
PINNACLESGARGOYLE(gárgolas)FLYINGBUTTRESSES
Santa María (Cáceres)
Palacio de la Isla (Cáceres)
MAINGOTHICCATHEDRALSIN SPAIN:
León,BurgosSevillaToledoMallorca…
It is not only religious…Main city buidings (councils, towns) are built in this style.
Brujas, townhall, 15th cent. Bruselas, townhall 15th cent.
Main palaces monasteries,
universitiesconvents…
Venice,Dux palace13th cent.
GuadalaraPalacio delInfantado
Cambridge University13th 15th cent.
Gothic cloister (salisbury, England)
SculptureRealistic
NaturalMainly religious
Gothic painting…