GLOBAL STUDIESWith Mr. Gallagher

EXPECTATIONS

You will be expected to keep a notebook.

You will be expected to take quizzes, tests, and complete homework.

You will be expected to be inquisitive.

You will be expected to speak in class.

PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY SOURCES

Primary = “Of” the time. Original, first hand account of what

occurred Historical document from the time

period Factual, non-interpretive

Secondary = “About” the time. Analyzes and interprets primary sources Second hand account of a historical

event Interprets creative work.(Courtesy of the Borough of Manhattan Community College Library.)

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES Historical documents (Declaration

of Independence)

Photographs

Maps

Government records

Interviews

Songs, stories, or plays from the time period studied

Paintings, drawings, sculptures

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES- Biographies- History books- Newspaper articles or opinion

pieces- Magazine articles that interpret a

source

HOW DO WE USE SOURCES?

Sources are used by historians to contextualize, interpret, and make arguments about past events.

The job of a historian is to take contextual clues in order to make arguments about what happened through a given source.

On a piece of paper, make note of the following pieces of information:- What are the subjects of the painting wearing?- What does each subject hold in their

hands?- How are the subjects framed?- What seems to be the background

of the painting?

Now, make an argument about the painting using your pieces of evidence:- What do you think is going on in this painting? What was the purpose of the painting?

DISCUSS

Turn to a partner and discuss your findings. Pay special attention to what details they noticed, and which ones you did not.

Next, share your arguments with one another. Do they line up? Are they the same argument, or different?

Let’s look again.

The child on the left is a boy.

The child in the middle is a boy, and probably dead.

The child on the right is the only girl.

What differences in each portrayal could have led us to the correct argument?

CRASH COURSE WORLD HISTORY

As we watch the video “Crash Course World History,” fill out the worksheet, listing advantages and disadvantages of each lifestyle. Next to the disadvantages, write a large D. Next to the advantages, place a large A.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I

REVIEW

Let’s review what we learned yesterday about sources, hunter-gatherers, and agriculturalists.

What makes something a primary source? What are some examples of primary sources?

What makes something a secondary source? What are examples of secondary sources?

What are advantages of agricultural development? What are some advantages of hunting and gathering?

What are some disadvantages of each?

THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

The Neolithic, or Agricultural Revolution began 12,000 years ago, in 10,000 BCE.

Transition from nomadic -> sedentary societies. That is, from roaming to fixed.

In order to make this transition, the societies began to manipulate the environment. Irrigation Deforestation Domestication of plants and animals

(selective breeding of certain crops and species)

FROM NOMADS TO FARMERS

Over time, the domestication of crops and animals made it easier to grow food and raise livestock.

As tribes began to settle certain areas, villages and cities grew.

In Jericho, there is evidence of a Neolithic walled town from 8000 B.C.E.

AGRICULTURAL CENTERS

THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE

GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL – OUT OF EDEN

As we watch the first episode of “Guns, Germs, and Steel,” continue to fill out your chart comparing the advantages and disadvantages of hunting and gathering versus agricultural societies.

We will spend a couple days watching the video.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36BQW1SuHQ8

HOMEWORK: Read Chapter 1.2, answer questions 1, 2, and 3

QUIZ!

Take out a piece of paper and answer the following questions. I will then collect the papers.

What are three major characteristics of a civilization?

What similarities in physical environment did the first civilizations share?

JARED DIAMOND – “THE WORST MISTAKE IN THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN RACE” As you read Jared Diamond’s article, make note of the advantages

and disadvantages he lists of agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

If we do not finish the article in class, you will be responsible for bringing it home and continuing to fill out the worksheet.

SUMERIAN DAILY LIFE AND CULTURE

HAPPY TUESDAY!

Pull out your homework from last night – “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race” and the worksheet on advantages and disadvantages of hunting and gathering vs. agriculture.

Then, partner up and share your thesis, along with the pieces of evidence you cited.

Take turns critiquing one another’s thesis, answering the following questions: Is your partner making an argument? Can you summarize the argument? Does their evidence support the argument?

NOW, TAKE SOME TIME…

Take ten minutes and write down everything you did during the school day yesterday in a bulleted list. For example: Woke up Ate breakfast Etc.

Gather in groups of three and compare your list.

Then, begin reading “The First Case of Apple-Polishing.” Let me know when you’re done.

WHY THE SUMERIANS?

The Sumerians are a civilization of firsts: First lunar calendar The first plow The first writing system

Located in Mesopotamia (“The Land Between the Rivers”), Sumer describes a collection of city-states.

Agriculture boosts population, supports a large population of slaves, who then build architecturally incredible buildings.

Developed a system of time keeping based on the number 60.

MESOPOTAMIA!!

As we watch the Crash Course video on Mesopotamia, fill out the worksheet. Once finished, we’ll briefly look at Sumerian culture, then break off in to groups for another activity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sohXPx_XZ6Y

Courtesy of the U.S. Embassy in Iraq.

JOBS AND EDUCATION

Most people in Sumerian society were peasant farmers

Skilled craftsmen (blacksmiths, carpenters, house builders) were considered “specialists” Years of training—skills passed down in families

Scribes—trained in schools Mostly wealthy boys

Nobles, priests: Mostly from wealthy families Sargon—an example of social mobility

WAY OF LIFE

Sumerians were proud of their cities (see Gilgamesh)

Houses were made of mud brick and reeds Houses often collapsed—the Code of Hammurabi contains punishments

for builders whose houses collapsed

Diet was based on bread The wealthy were able to afford meat, the poor ate fish People ate two meals a day

People lived in nuclear families, but extended family important Father had power in family

CULTURE

Recreation: People enjoyed board games

and sports such as wrestling and boxing

Music: Pipes, lyres, and harps

Literature: Proverbs and riddles Religious writings Stories Epic poetry--Gilgamesh

MODERN-DAY REED HOUSE IN IRAQ

THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH

Gilgamesh Demigod of superhuman strength Built the walls around the city-state of Uruk

The Epic of Gilgamesh Dated at some time around 2100 BC Considered the first work of literature

ANCIENT EGYPT

EGYPT

MAP ACTIVITY

Complete the map activity on your own or with a partner

Then we’ll talk about the different kingdoms.

OLD KINGDOM (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE

Old Kingdom the result of centralized government and a huge rise in population. Notable because of the following: Construction of the pyramids Construction of the Great Sphinx Central government leads to middle class – scribes, gov’t officials, etc.

Much of the cultural impact Egypt had on the modern world comes from the artwork and architecture of the Old Kingdom.

Great Sphinx of Giza

MIDDLE KINGDOM (2000 BCE – 1700 BCE) After decentralized, weak government

arises in aftermath of the Old Kingdom, rulers of the Middle Kingdom aim to centralize power. Vizier: Chief minister in the king’s stead.

Responsible for day-to-day administration of the kingdom.

Under Amenemhat III, Egypt prospers economically through mining and high waters from the Nile.

Egypt declines toward the end of the Middle Kingdom; descends in to the Second Intermediate Period.

CLAY MODEL OF A HOUSE DURING THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

NEW KINGDOM (1570 BCE – 1544 BCE)

Period of expansion in the Egyptian kingdom. Pharaohs, using chariots and other new forms of technology, were able to conquer huge swaths of land to the South and East.

Amenhotep IV attempts to convert Egyptian religious beliefs to monotheism. Unsuccessful.

This is the era of Tutankhamun, who will become famous for his tomb uncovered in 1922.