Global 1 Third Marking

Period Test

Mrs. Kantz’s class

Ppt. by David Fan

GREECE

Geography

Geography

Movement

Pull factors: fishing; harbors

Push factors: Little farming land; poor roads; political fragments (city-states instead of one unified Greece)

Region

Mountainous

Good harbors

Divided by mountains

Trade

Peninsula

Mt. Olympus

City states

Place

Mountainous

Seafood

Fresh drinking water

Small; isolated

Dried up rivers

Peninsula

Islands

Barren

Rocky

Not good for farming

Geography

Location

Aegean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Europe

West of Persian Empire

Interaction

Harbors

Fishing

Trade

Fresh Drinking Water

Terrace Farming

Geography

Impact of geography on Greece

The Greeks were sailors rather than farmers.

Harbors encouraged trade and communication with Egypt and

Middle Eastern Civilizations.

Mountains divided Greece leading to City-States. The mountains

of Greece divided it into many small pockets.

As a result of the geological fragmentation, Greeks felt more unity

with their individual City-States rather than with Greece as a

country.

Contributions

Government

City-State

A self governing, independent community. Developed because of geography. Varied in prosperity and government systems.

Monarchy

Ruling power is in the hands of one person; Kings

Kings lived in a palace on tax money

Practiced by the Mycenaeans

Oldest son would succeed his father as king

Soldiers protected king, enforced laws, obeyed laws, and collected taxes

Decline: Trade routes closed, internal fighting, invaded by Dorians.

Oligarchy

Ruling power is in the hands of a few leaders

Small groups shared power and military support

Ruled by wealthy individuals; Aristocrats

Practiced in:

Corinth

Athens

Funded by taxes

Citizens had no vote

Decline: increase of population, powerful individuals hired hoplite arrays, overthrown by the people

Government

Tyranny

Ruling power is in the hands of an

individual often by illegal means

Military leaders, backed by middle

class, seized power

Practiced in Athens

Decline: Athenians were unhappy,

Spartan invasions

Democracy

Ruling power is in the hands of all

the people

Citizens Assembly

Executive group- Council of 500

Practiced in Athens

Decline: Fall of Athens

Philosophy

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

REMEMBER: Legacy of Greece Debate

Golden Age of Athens

Golden Age of Athens

480-430 BCE

Overseen by Pericles

Pericles- Leader from 461-

429 BCE

Three Goals

1. Strengthen Democracy

Increased number of public

officials on paid salaries

Direct democracy- Citizens

rule directly, not through

representatives

Golden Age of Athens

2. Maintain Empire

Delian League: Athens

received tributes from

over 200 city-states in

return for protection

Made Athens’s navy the

strongest in the

Mediterranean

Gained access to

surrounding trade routes

3. Glorify Athens

Used money from the

Delian League to buy

gold, ivory, and marble

Paid artists, architects,

and workers to use the

materials.

Comparison:

Athens vs. Sparta

ATHENS SPARTA

Comparison:

Athens vs. SpartaAthens

Founders: Mycaneans

Economy: Sea-faring traders, agriculture

Labor: Artisans; farmers; merchants and traders; slaves did mining, farm work, and tutoring

Social Order: Private education for males 7-18. Learned Math, music, and literature. 2 years of military service ages 18-20. No formal education for females; trained at home in domestic skills

Sparta

Founders: Dorians

Economy: agriculture

Labor: Helots (farm slaves or serfs) and foreign artisans

Social Order: Military society-boys went into military training at age 7; ages 20-30 men did military service; age 30 married but lived in barracks until age 60. Women were physically trained to increase strength to marry at 14-19 to breed sons for the military; women were not citizens but could own property and interact socially.

Comparison:

Athens vs. SpartaAthens

Government: Democracy

evolved- All natural born land

owning males were citizens,

then males regardless of

class, then foreigners

Achievements: Prosperity led

to creativity, especially in

drama and architecture

(Parthenon)

Sparta

Government: Oligarchy evolved-Dual kings had military role but did not govern. The Assembly-All male citizens over 20: had law making role Main power in hands of 5 Ephors and Council of Elders formed judiciary and advised Assembly and Ephors

Achievements: Strong military role in Greek conflicts; strict military rule and tight social control reduced intellectual development, creativity and technical advancement

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Son of Philip II

Became king of Macedonia at age 20

Taught by Aristotle (science, geography, and literature)

Influenced by Homer’s Illiad

Preserved and Spread Greek Culture

Conquered Persia, Egypt, India

Spread Hellenistic Culture throughout his empire

Died young at age 33 in India

Hellenism

Combination of cultures conquered by Alexander the

Great

Hellenism=Greek+Egyptian+Persian+Indian

Achievements in: Astronomy; philosophy; math; and

art

ROME

Geography

Geography

Movement

Push: Little rivers unsuitable for shipping; not a large amount of farm land

Pull: Natural defense; fertile; Po river valley

Region

“The boot shaped country”

Alps

Po River Valley

Swine

Subtropical climate

Place

Mediterranean

Alps

Po River Valley- Tiber river

Mountainous land

Location

West of Greece

Sicily

Divides the Mediterranean in half

Alps

Geography

Interaction

Killed forest swine

Fertile soil – Farming

Source of Water

Contributions

Law

The Twelve Tables

The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code

of law.

Law code binding both Patricians (upper class) and

Plebeians (lower class)

Enforced by consuls

Later two more tables were added because the

plebeians were dissatisfied with the first ten

Government

Republic

Senate: 300 members chosen from the upper class- patricians

Consuls: 2 ruled a a time; commanded the Roman army; one year terms

Tribunes of the Plebs: Protected the rights of the plebeians from the patricians.

Demands of the Plebs: Written laws; equal protection under those laws- Twelve Tables

Citizens Assembly: Elected tribunes; made for common people

First Triumvate

Pompey: Military general; won lands in Spain; suppressed a slave rebellion in Rome led by Spartacus; campaigns supported by millionaire Marcus LiciniusCrassus; Council

Marcus Licinius Crassus: Millionaire son of a roman governmental official; Gained wealth through real estate and mining; Soldier who fought in Roman Wars.

Julius Caesar: Consul; Governor of lands in southern tip of Gaul; Fought series of brutal wars without Senate’s permission on Roman frontiers; Conquered lands equaling France and Belgium, then called back by senate to return to Rome and disband his troops

Architecture

Coliseum

Roads

Aqueducts

Bridges

Similarities in Roman Law Code

with The Code of Hammurabi

Both are written codes of law

Both contain harsh punishments for specific situations

Both favor men over women

Both favor fathers over sons

Both favor wealthier citizens over low class citizens.

Reasons for Decline

Barbarian Invasions

Decline in Morals and

values

Environmental and

Public Health Problems

Excessive Military

Spending to Defend the

Empire

Inferior Technology

Inflation

Political corruption

Rise in Christianity

Unemployment

Urban Decay

Christianity

Christianity

God- God of Abraham; called yahweh in English; The trinity: god has 3 parts; same god that the Muslims and Jews believe in

Sects- 3 main sects: Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant; all

believe god reveals his teachings to the world; all believe Jesus died and

rose from the dead

Key Beliefs- God made a covenant

with Abraham; based on teachings

of Jesus Christ; Jesus taught of a

new covenant between God and the Jews; Achieve salvation and avoid

damnation.

Holy book- Bible; Two parts: the old testament-the history of the law and

prophets, contains psalms; the new

testament- 4 gospels, stories of ancient

question; has no sacred language; has been

translated into thousands of languages

Practices and Rituals-Try to obtain

Salvation; avoid

damnation; Sacraments:

baptism & communion

Worship Services-Ordained

ministry: Priests, pasters,

ministers; worship in churches;

Sunday service; Sermon

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Geography

Geography

Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.

Capitol city: Constantinople

Bosporus Strait

Eastern Part of the Mediterranean

Italy, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Middle east

Contributions

Law

Justinian’s Code

A summation of all Roman law since the second century

Effected law in western Europe and early Russia

Sections:

The digest

The Institutes

The novels

Government

Successors of Constantine

Justinian- viewed himself as a new Constantine;

Christian emperor

Theodora- Wife of Justinian- 20-25 years younger;

was a prostitute; came from a poor family; very

intelligent; ability to read people

Tried to re-unite Rome but failed

Architecture

Beautify Constantinople (same goal in Athens)

Domes, arches, columns

Hagia Sophia

Blue Mosque- mix of Byzantine and Turkish elements

Topica Palace- mix of buildings and gardens

Hippodrome- stadiums

Moats

Stonewalls

Religion

Eastern Orthodox

Emperor claims authority over church

Do not follow Pope

Used Icons-holy images

Mass in Greek

Priests could marry

Divorce was permitted in certain cases

Created after the Great Schism in 1054: the division of the Christian church into Roman Catholics (Western Rome) and Eastern Orthodox (Eastern Rome)

ISLAM

Geography

Geography

Istanbul

Bosporus Straight; bridge between Asia and Europe

Favorable characteristics:

Peninsula

Natural harbor

Flat

Fertile

Well watered

Built on Bosporus Strait

Geography

Impact

Deserts- minimal water and farm land

Oases- Water in the desert; fertile

Coastal Plain- good for farming

Mountains- Goats; limited water and farmland

Islam

Islam

God- One god; the god of Abraham-

called Allah in Arabic; god made a covenant

with Abraham

Practices and rituals-FIVE PILLARS:

Shahada-faith, Salat-prayer, Zakat-

Almsgiving, Siyam-fasting, Hajj-

pilgrimage to Mecca; Hallal- allowed

actions; Haram-forbidden actions

Worship Services-Masjid-

mosque; Prayers led by an Imam;

Friday worship

Sects- Two major Sects: Sunni- any devout Muslim

can lead; Shi’i- any descendant of Mohammad can lead; the two differ over

the issue of leadership

Key Beliefs- God Made a covenant

with Abraham; Muslims are

descendants of Abraham’s son

Ishmael; Based on god’s teachings and

the example of Muhammad- the last prophet; Mecca is the

holiest city.

Holy Book- Qur’an: god’s teachings to

Muhammad, translated into many languages, Arabic used for worship services, history

and law of ancient Hebrews, Includes

Jesus’s life, Outlines the goal of Islam,

Five pillars

The Golden Age of Islam

The House of Wisdom

Herbal Medicines

Astronomy

Polo

Music

Zoology

Bookmaking

Chess

Hospitals

Geometric and floral

designs

REVIEW: Golden Age of Islamic

Culture Travelogue

THE MIDDLE AGES

Impact of the fall of Rome

Roman Empire

Emphasis on learning,

knowledge of Greek, literate

citizenry

Official language: Latin

Political Unit: Roman

Provinces

Government based on written

law and public government

Germanic Tribes

Oral traditions, song and

legends little knowledge of

Greek, not literate, no written

language

Developed dialects of Latin:

French and Spanish

Germanic Kingdoms- borders

change as result of warfare

Loyalty to small communities

unwritten rules and traditions

Feudalism

King

Vassals

Knights

Peasants and Townspeople

Feudalism

King

Highest power

Roman Catholic- Religious

leader

Owns all land

Nobles a.k.a. Lords

Jobs: hunting, fight in battle,

oversee surfs.

Ruled over King’s land

Lived on manor in castle

Vassals

Nobles, but less powerful than

lords

Trained knights and lived by

the code of chivalry

Promised to protect land and

kingdom

Promised to pay ransom

money if lord is kidnapped

Received Fiefs at Ceremony

of Homage

Feudalism

Knights

Fighting force

Code of Chivalry: code of honor; set of ideals for knights; knights must serve their lord, their god, and their wife; they must protect people in trouble; fight fairly; protect women

Similar to the Samurai and their Code of Bushido

Peasants and Townspeople

Surfs

NOT SLAVES

Tied to the land

Property of kingdom, not king.

Lived in small cottages.

Couldn’t do anything without the lords permission

Not required to fight

Freeman

Skilled craftsmen

Paid rent to the lord

Could leave the manor

Could be evicted

The Church

Provided poor peasants with a dream of an eternal

peace

Hosted feasts

Had complete power over kings

One priest on each manor