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Geneva School of Linguistics
Geneva Lake, Switzerland
Father of Modern Linguistics-Ferdinand de Saussure
University of Geneva
University of Leipzig
Luminary Figures within this Linguistic Circle
Charles Bally
Albert Sechehaye
Other luminary figures
Albert Riedlinger
Serge Kercevski
Langue
The Abstract System
Parole
Language=
Actual Speech
+
Syntagm
A combination of words forming phrases/clauses/sentences.
Example: The earth is flat.
Article Noun
Auxiliary verb
Adjective
Flat earth is the.
Paradigm
A paradigmatic relationship is where an individual sign may be replaced by another.
Example: Learning
Study
Knowledge
Discipline
The Syntagmatic And Paradigmatic Relationship
I fell down the tree=
I fell down the tree Syntagmatic
You dropped below a plant
He descended under an organism
She tumbled underneath vegetation
We crashed
They collapsed
Paradigmatic
Structural Linguistics
The Synchronic and Diachronic Linguistics
Example of Synchrony: Study of American English
Structuralism
Example of Diachrony- Study of the evolution of British English from Old to Modern English
Structuralism: Diachrony
Old English Modern English
dreng warrior
hofding chief
lent lentil
ostre oyster
āspendan to spend
tyrnan to turn
bemūtan to exchange
Structural Linguistics
“ A language is a device that establishes sound-
meaning correlations, pairing meanings with
signals to enable people to exchange ideas
through observable sequences of sound.”- Ronald
W. Langacker, Language & Its Structure, 1967
Linguistic Value
Different Phonemes:
“Sip” “Sap”
Linguistic Value-Sounds, Concepts, Opposites, and Relational Values
Linguistic Value- Consider the Opposites
The opposing dualities according to Ferdinand de Saussure
The articulatory and the acoustical duality
The duality of sound and sense
The duality of the individual and the society
The duality of langue and parole
The duality of the material and immaterial
The duality of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic
The duality of sameness and opposition
The duality of the synchronic and the diachronic
Semiotics:Concepts about Signs
Sign is dyadic
Signifier Signified Sign
Sound/Symbol/Abstract
Concept/Meaning/Concrete
• Sign is arbitrary
Signifier Signified
“Book”
Meow?
• Sign is relational
SignifiedSignified
Sign is conventional
The English word “Joke”:Signifier->
Signified -> Meaning agreed upon: something that you say or do to make people laugh
Thank You