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What is chromatography
• Separation Science
• Organizing by size
• Organizing by boiling point
(vapor pressure)
• Organizing by solubility
Before
After
• Performed in the vapor state
• Requires a mobile phase, gas
• Requires a stationary phase
• Molecules migrate between the phases
What is Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatographic Equipment
INTEGRATORSAUTOSAMPLERS GC BASIC UNITS GC DETECTORS
MS DETECTORS
MS Detector
AutosamplerGC
Detector
Autosampler
Data
system
GC Basic
Unit
Gaschromatog.DATA SYSTEMS
SAMPLEPREPARATIONSYSTEMS
GC Basic
UnitData
system
SAMPLEPREPARATION
AND INJECTIONSYSTEMS
CHROMATOGRAPHICSEPARATION
SYSTEMS
DETECTION &IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEMS
DATASYSTEMS
GC/SA Benchtop GC/MS
Requirements for the ideal injector
• Capable to quantitative accept a broad volatility range of sample
components
– Low discrimination
• To handle dirty and clean matrices
– With dirty matrices reduces sample clean-up
– With clean matrices boosts sensitivity
• Extremely inert
– Able to handle polar/active compounds
• Provide optimum band shape
PRIMARY COOLING
SYSTEM
SECONDARY COOLING
SYSTEM
Room
temperature Temp.
SBP
Liquid sample
droplets
Liquid sample
plug Liquid sample
film
1 2
Carrier
gas
Cooling fluid
(secondary
cooling)
Primary
cooling
system
Oven
temperature
3
Cold On-Column Injector
Split Injector
Carrier
Septum Purge
Split Line
Glass Liner5 mm ID
Length of Column Inside Injector = 40 mm
CapillaryColumn
7001-1417970810
Additional Insulating
50 mm
Syringe
Splitting Point
Liner
Carrier Pathway
ColumnTerminalFitting
InjectorChamber
Splitless Injector
Carrier
Septum Purge
Split Line
80 mm
Syringe
Length of Column Inside Injector = 64 mm
CapillaryColumn
77001-1416970805
Additional Insulating
SplitlessLiner
PTV Injector
Septum
purge
line
Splitting
line
Carrier
OVEN
Column
Liner
Carrier gas
inlet
SeptumSeptum purge line
Splitting
line
FORCED AIR
COOLING
Heating
element
RESPONSE TYPE
RESPONSE MECHANISM
DESTRUCTIVENON DESTRUCTIVE
• Concentration dependent: TCD, ECD, PID
• Mass rate dependent: FID, NPD, FPD
• Universal: TCD, FID, (PID)
• Selective: ECD, NPD, FPD, (PID)
• FID, NPD, FPD• TCD, ECD, PID
Detectors Characteristics
Air
Column effluent + Hydrogen
Heated source
Collectingelectrode
NPD : Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector
Photomultipier tube
Interferencefilter
Air
Column effluent+ Hydrogen
FPD : Flame Photometric Detector
Quadrupole Wiring
• Y Quadrupole Rod Pair
• AC and neg DC Voltage0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Series1
• X Quadrupole Rod Pair
• AC and pos DC Voltage
Mathieu Parameters
RF = m r2 2
e 2qz
DC = m r2 2
e 4az
e = charge (constant =1)
m = Mass in kg
r = radius = distance between rod inner surface and center of quadrupole
w = 2 * frequency (1100 kHz)