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Elements of ChemistryElements of ChemistryChapter 2Chapter 2
2.1 Matter Has Physical andChemical Properties
2.1 Matter Has Physical andChemical Properties
“Physical properties” describe the look or feel of a substance.
“Physical properties” describe the look or feel of a substance.
During a“physical change”
a substance changes some physical property…
During a“physical change”
a substance changes some physical property…
…but it is still the same material with the same chemical composition.
…but it is still the same material with the same chemical composition.
Chemical Property:Chemical Property:
The tendency of a substance to change
into another substance.
The tendency of a substance to change
into another substance.
OxygenOxygen CarbonCarbon
CarbondioxideCarbondioxide
CarbondioxideCarbondioxideOxygenOxygen CarbonCarbon
AnimationAnimation
“CO2Flask.mov”“CO2Flask.mov”
Chemical Change:Chemical Change:
Any change involving a rearrangement of
atoms.
Any change involving a rearrangement of
atoms.
Chemical Reaction:Chemical Reaction:
The process of a chemical change...The process of a
chemical change...
During a“chemical reaction”new materials are
formed by a change in the way atoms are bonded together.
During a“chemical reaction”new materials are
formed by a change in the way atoms are bonded together.
PhysicalChangePhysicalChange
ChemicalChange
ChemicalChange
2.2 Atoms Are the Fundamental
Components of Elements
2.2 Atoms Are the Fundamental
Components of Elements
Element:Element:
Any material consisting of only one type of
atom.
Any material consisting of only one type of
atom.
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
Atomic Symbol:Atomic Symbol:
One or two letters used to designate an
element.
One or two letters used to designate an
element.
Carbon, CCarbon, C
Calcium, CaCalcium, Ca
Silver, AgSilver, Ag
(Argentum)(Argentum)
(Hydrargyrum)(Hydrargyrum)
Mercury, HgMercury, Hg
Elemental Formula:Elemental Formula:
Used to show how atoms within an
element are grouped
Used to show how atoms within an
element are grouped
NN 22
22Oxygen, OOxygen, O
33Ozone, OOzone, O
OxygenOxygen OzoneOzone
OxygenOxygen OzoneOzone
Physical or chemical change?Physical or chemical change?
2.3 Elements Can Combine to Form Compounds
2.3 Elements Can Combine to Form Compounds
CompoundCompound
A material in which atoms of different
elements are bonded to one another.
A material in which atoms of different
elements are bonded to one another.
Sodium chlorideSodium chloride
Sodium chlorideSodium chloride
NaNa
Sodium chlorideSodium chloride
ClCl
AmmoniaAmmonia
AmmoniaAmmonia
NN
AmmoniaAmmonia
HH
A compound is represented by its…
A compound is represented by its…
chemical formula chemical formula
The combination of atomic symbols of the
elements of a compound
The combination of atomic symbols of the
elements of a compound
Ammonia Ammonia
Ammonia, Ammonia, NH NH 3 3
Sodium chloride Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, NaCl Sodium chloride, NaCl
Iron oxide Iron oxide Fe Fe 2 2 O O
3 3
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Iron oxide Iron oxide
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
Fe Fe
SO SO
2 2 O O 3 3
H H
2 2 4 4
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Iron oxide Iron oxide
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
Fe Fe
SO SO
Cl Cl
2 2 O O 3 3
H H Ca Ca 2 2
2 2 4 4
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from which
they are made.
Compounds have properties that are
uniquely different from the elements from which
they are made.
Iron oxide Iron oxide
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
Fe Fe
SO SO
Cl Cl
2 2 O O 3 3
H H Ca Ca 2 2
2 2 4 4
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Iron oxide Iron oxide
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
Fe Fe
SO SO
Cl Cl
2 2 O O 3 3
H H Ca Ca 2 2
2 2 4 4
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Iron oxide Iron oxide
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride
Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid
Fe Fe
SO SO
Cl Cl
2 2 O O 3 3
H H Ca Ca 2 2
2 2 4 4
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Cl Cl Na Na
Compound Compound ChemicalFormula ChemicalFormula
Sodium metal, NaSodium metal, Na
Chlorine gas, ClChlorine gas, Cl22
ReactionReaction
Sodium chloride, NaClSodium chloride, NaCl
Sodium chloride, NaClSodium chloride, NaCl
Diversity!Diversity!
From so few elements…From so few elements…
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
Naming Compounds Naming Compounds
Guideline 1Guideline 1
Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table…
Start with the element farthest to the left in the periodic table…
Guideline 1Guideline 1
…for the element farthest to the right, add the suffix -ide
…for the element farthest to the right, add the suffix -ide
ExampleExample
NaClNaCl
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
ExampleExample
NaClNaCl
SodiumSodium ineineChlorChlor
ExampleExample
NaClNaCl
SodiumSodium ideideChlorChlor
ExampleExample
NaClNaCl
sodiumsodium chloridechloride
Guideline 2Guideline 2
With different possible combinations of
elements…
With different possible combinations of
elements…
Guideline 2Guideline 2
…use prefixes to remove any ambiguity.
…use prefixes to remove any ambiguity.
mono-mono-di-di-tri-tri-
tetra-tetra-
2233
44
11
ExampleExample
COCO
COCO
22
carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide
carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
ExampleExample
H OH O
H OH O
22
dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide
dihydrogen dioxidedihydrogen dioxide
22
22
ExampleExample
H OH O
H OH O
22
dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide
dihydrogen dioxidedihydrogen dioxide
22
22Would you drin
k this?
?
Would you drink th
is??
H OH O
H OH O
22
dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide
dihydrogen dioxidedihydrogen dioxide
22
22
(water)(water)
(hydrogen peroxide)(hydrogen peroxide)
Guideline 3Guideline 3
Common names are also sometimes used
for convenience.
Common names are also sometimes used
for convenience.
2.4 Most Materials are Mixtures
2.4 Most Materials are Mixtures
MixtureMixture
A combination of two or more substances…A combination of two or more substances…
MixtureMixture
…in which each substance retains its
properties.
…in which each substance retains its
properties.
ExamplesExamples
“salt water”“salt water”
ExamplesExamples
NaClNaCl H OH O22++
“Air”“Air”
ExamplesExamples
NN OO22++22
“white gold”“white gold”
ExamplesExamples
PdPd AuAu++
A mixture of a gasand a liquid?
The formation of a mixture is different
from the formation of a compound.
The formation of a mixture is different
from the formation of a compound.
The formation of a mixture
The formation of a mixture
The formation of a compound
The formation of a compoundChemical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical Change
The formation of a mixture
The formation of a mixture
The formation of a mixture
The formation of a mixture
2.5 Chemists Classify Matter as Pure or Impure
2.5 Chemists Classify Matter as Pure or Impure
PurePure
Consisting of only a single element or a single compound.
Consisting of only a single element or a single compound.
PurePure
Consisting of only a single element or a single compound.
Consisting of only a single element or a single compound.“Id
eal state”
“Ideal st
ate”
ImpureImpure
“not pure”“not pure”
ImpureImpure
A mixture…A mixture…
ImpureImpure
…containing two or more elements or
compounds.
…containing two or more elements or
compounds.
ImpureImpure
…containing two or more elements or
compounds.
…containing two or more elements or
compounds.RealityReality
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
a) removing the impure water molecules.
a) removing the impure water molecules.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
a) removing the impure water molecules.
a) removing the impure water molecules.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
b) removing everything that is not water.
b) removing everything that is not water.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
b) removing everything that is not water.
b) removing everything that is not water.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
c) breaking down the water to its simplest
components.
c) breaking down the water to its simplest
components.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
c) breaking down the water to its simplest
components.
c) breaking down the water to its simplest
components.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
d) adding some disinfectant such as
chlorine.
d) adding some disinfectant such as
chlorine.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
d) adding some disinfectant such as
chlorine.
d) adding some disinfectant such as
chlorine.
Impure water can be purified by…
Impure water can be purified by…
??
2.6 Elements Are Organized in the Periodic Table by Their Properties
2.6 Elements Are Organized in the Periodic Table by Their Properties
inte
rval
inte
rval
11
22
33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212
1313 1414 1515 1616 1717
1818
18 Groups18 Groups
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
Seven PeriodsSeven Periods