Department in Pakistan

Faizana Naeem 13004065107

Mohammad Awais 13004065105

Mashal Khalid 13004065093

AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074

Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.

Introduction

• Crime is world phenomena and with course of time

it is going to be a complicated one.

• All over the world especially in technically

developed countries, criminologists, detectives are

adopting new methods to beat the crime through

latest criminal investigation techniques.

• But in the country like Pakistan the sources of

criminal investigation are mostly the same as were

in the past.

History

• forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum”

• Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases.

• It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science

NFSA• NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to

facility criminal justice system

• It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof

• Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards.

• The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million.

• In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch.

• The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007

Sub-Departments

• Crime Scene Investigation

• Computer Forensic Department

• Forensic Pathology

• Questioned Documents Department

• DNA & Serology Department

• Audio Visual Analysis Department

• Forensic Toxicology Department

• Trace Evidence Department

• Firearms & Tool Marks Department

Crime Scene Investigation“The collection of information and evidence for

identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected offenders ”

• maintain the integrity of the evidence.

• The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin.

• The steps include: ·

• Personal safety

• Organization of thoughts.

• Evaluate the severity of the situation.

• Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area

• Be aware of weapons and hazards.

• Be aware of potential evidence

• Don’t touch anything unless necessary.

Investigation Facilities in Pakistan

• National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad

• Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad

• Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore

• Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore

• Chemical Examiner, Multan

• Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi

• Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi

DNA and Serology• Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender to a crime

scene.

• examine evidence from crime scenes to determine if biological material is present.

• DNA typing procedure to generate DNA profiles from crime scene evidence and reference samples.

• Finally the DNA profiles of the crime scene evidence and suspects are matched with each other to identify the perpetrator of the crime.

DNA typing services in the following cases.

• Crimes against a person

-Murder

-Rape

• Accidents

• Crimes against property

Potential Samples For Forensic DNA Analysis

• Clothes

• Items of personal use

• Facial tissue, cotton swab

• Toothpick

• Used cigarette butt

• Stamp or envelope

• Bottle, can, or glass

• Bite mark

• Bones, Teeth

• Hair

Current capabilities of forensic DNA profiling in Pakistan

• Currently few forensic laboratories are available for DNA

profiling in Pakistan such as :

National Forensic Science Agency

Punjab Forensic Science Agency

Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB)

• DNA Forensic Laboratory, but unfortunately these labs are still

not well developed.

• Efficient and well-functioning Forensic DNA laboratories

are necessary in Pakistan to overcome crimes and Terrorism

• Pakistani citizens have stronger desires for DNA profiling

• government of Pakistan is trying to develop a national DNA

database of all its citizens

Gaps and flaws in DNA profiling in Pakistan

• There are so many gaps and flaws in DNA profiling

in Pakistan.

• These are lack of experts in this field

• lack of funds and chain of custody, inadequate

training and equipment

• lack of awareness

• no communication between forensic DNA analysts

with forensic DNA researchers.

• Pakistani DNA analysts are not updated with the

current DNA research work in forensics.

Case

• Attack on Pakistan Naval Shipping Mehran Base

• DNA tests were carried out to identify the terrorists

• But it was found that the terrorists were not

registered Pakistanis because their profiles were not

matched with the NADRA database

Computer ForensicComputer forensics is a branch of Forensic Science

related to evidence found in computer systems and

digital storage medium.

• It is to perform forensic investigation on digital

evidence

• maintaining the documented chain of custody

• There are two branches of computer forensic:

-Cybercrime

-Digital Evidence

Activity in which computers or networks

are at target, or a place of criminal activity.

• Its about use of computer for:

o Committing fraud

o Stealing identities

o Violating privacy

Cyber crimes“Activity in which computers or networks are a tool, a

target, or a place of criminal activity.”

Its about use of computer for:

o Financial Crimes

o • Cyber Pornography

o • Intellectual Property Crimes

o • Email Spoofing

o • Unauthorized access to Network

o • Theft of Information Stored in Electronic Form

o • Spread of Virus

Case:•

Digital evidence• Digital evidence is information and data of value to

an investigation that is stored on, received, or transmitted by an electronic device.

• Documents

• Spreadsheets

• Emails

• Programs

• Attachments

• Databases

• Internet Activity

• Temporary Files

Services of Computer Forensics unit

• Recovery of deleted digital data in case of damaged

hardware that may have evidentiary value

• Recovery of deleted digital data in case of software

failure that may have evidentiary value.

• Forensic Analysis of retrieved and/or submitted media.

• Scientific examination and analysis of Digital Storage

Media

• Forensic Analysis of Mobile Phones collection

• Preservation and transport of Digital evidence

Cases•

Questioned Documents• Document about which a question has been raised

in the court of law.

• These examinations can take many forms.

• They include the examination of handwriting and

signature to determine its author

• the examination of typewriting

• the examination of altered documents

• the examination of indentations on paper

• the non destructive examination of inks and other

types of examinations.

Common Questioned Documents

o Property registry

o Letters

o Checks

o Contracts

o Wills

o Marriage Certificates

o Contract agreements

o Passports/ Travel

o Documents

o Threatening letters

o Suicide notes

o Drivers Licenses

Helping legal system by:

• Identifying alterations in documents like cheques,

wills, and agreements.

• Handwriting comparison and examination

• of indentations.

• Examinations of fake documents like counterfeit

currency and travel documents

• Charred Documents

Cases Involving QuestionedDocuments

• Forgery

• Counterfeiting

• Mail fraud

• Kidnapping

• Embezzlement

• Organized crime• White collar crime

• Art crimes

• Theft

• Arson

• Burglary

• Homicide

• Serial murder• Robbery

Case

Pathology

• The Department of Forensic Pathology is responsible for determining the cause and manner

of death

• Investigation of sudden, violent, suspicious and unexpected deaths.

• Services Provided by Forensic Pathology Department

• Well established and state of the art autopsy hall is available for postmortem examination.

• Forensic pathology also has an additional autopsy room for the postmortem of decomposed bodies.

• Fixed and mobile X-ray units are available to take x-

rays of the desired parts of the dead body.

• PFSA provides Forensic Histopathology services

• Determines the absence or presence of drugs and

their metabolites, chemicals and factor in the

cause and manner of death.

• Mission of Forensic toxicology Department

cases•

Audio visual analysis Department

It deals with the scientific examination, comparison and/or evaluation of audio and video evidence.

• equipped with latest forensic tools for audio and video analysis.

Department provide the following services:

• Clarification of Audio evidence using different noise reduction and other algorithms.

• Clarification of Video evidence for identification and association of different events captured by video surveillance systems.

• Analysis of images extracted from video evidence

• collection, Preservation and transport of evidence

Cases•

Strengths• Assistance of law enforcement and investigation agencies to

solve the crime puzzles with accuracy and efficiently.

• Ability to conduct various forensic tests including DNA,DNA profiling, testing of explosive material ,tools and arms investigation, computer forensic, autopsy, toxicology and histology.

• Assistance of courts of law in discovering the truth for speedy justice.

• Improvement success rate of investigation.

• Probable reduction in crime and criminals.

• Bring a paradigm shift from oral evidence to physical evidence with reliability and authenticity on international standards.

• Rational investigation of elaborate criminal cases.

weakness• Lack of uniformity of forensic science disciplines between within

jurisdictions.• No criteria for the certification of forensic practitioners, or in the

accreditation of crime laboratories.• Lack of mandatory standardization, certification and accreditation of

lab.• Varying quality of forensic practice.• Poor maintenance of statistical data regarding crime and crime

investigation.• Poor and outdated criminal investigation system and judicial system of

the province.• Failure to install LIMS (Laboratory Management Information System).• Weak Database system.• Failure to install DNA indexing system software(CODIS).• Lack of educational institutes to promote forensic science education.• Lack of skilled scientist of the forensic disciplines.

Opportunities• Possibilities of revenue generation through

commercialization of services of lab.

• Advance and modern research opportunities in the

fields of forensic sciences.

• Training and development in the field of forensic

science.

• Employment opportunities.

• Provision of improved justice to general public through

superior investigation methodologies.

• Rational decision making based on scientific forensic

evidences.

Threats• Potential danger of innocent conviction in case of wrong sample

sent to FSL for analysis. FSL has no system to check the sample validity.

• Risk of the human bias in the interpretation of the test results.

• Negligence in proper maintenance of developed facilities.

• Disruption in continuation of the project activities.

• No or poor revenue generation system.

• Political influences.

• Endangering labs sustainability due to expensive operations and maintenance costs.

• Low forensic sciences research facilities in the province and overall in the country.

• Improper wear and tear and of building

• Poor quality of test results due to no calibration of machinery and equipment.

•

Pak and crime• Crimes and terrorism are very common in Pakistan from

the last unfortunate

• The number of crimes, suicide attacks and target killing

are increasing in Pakistan day by day.

• The total 15 suicide attacks were carried out in Pakistan

from 2002 to 2005, while in the next four years (2006-

2009) it was increased to 200 and now it is more than

372.

• Pakistan needs to promote forensic science in order to

control crimes and terrorism. Unfortunately,

• most of the crimes remain untraced due to the lack of

technical expertise and proper research in this field.

Findings and Conclusion

• ‘Forensic science is a versatile and enormously powerful tool in the investigation of a crime.’

• Forensic tools and techniques must be aided by the knowledge, experience, intuitive detectives, police and other experts’ role

• Forensic science involves all evidences collected on the crime scene to solve query of the crime.

• Many young generation are now interested to work on forensic, and many study courses are now available to study and to start practise

• Detective agencies are getting fast to work on forensic and many police and legal workers are working on forensic.

Conclusiono handling of evidences is improper by law enforcing

agencies

o No facility.

o Lack of labs

-Punjab 14

-Islamabad 6

-Sindh 3

-KPK 0

o Generation is going toward this field but research

institutes are few and have least facility

o Lack in understanding by judiciary / lawyers

o Security issues to the investigation teams.

Questions

Thankyou