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The aircrafts and the location where they crashed:
i. American Airlines Flight 11 – North Tower of WTCii. United Airlines Flight 175 – South Tower of WTCiii. American Airlines Flight 77 - western side of the
Pentagoniv. United Airlines Flight 93 – Shanksville, Pennsylvania
The mastermind behind this was Osama-bin-laden andthis attack provoked the US Govt. to launch a full-fledgedoffensive against him.
This is a tale of 2 people, Stanley and Brian.
Stanley Praimnath and Brian Clark aresurvivors of the 9/11 attacks on the WorldTrade Centre.
On that day while Stanley was in his office, hesaw a United Airlines jet (UAL 175) headingdirectly towards him.
He was helped by Brian Clark, an executivewho was coming down from the 84th floor.
Brian
Stanley
A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, vivid'snapshot' of a moment in which a piece of surprisingor emotionally arousing news was heard/seen. Thesememories are very accurate and are resistant toforgetting.
Four Questions are currently usedto define a flashbulb memory(from Brown & Kulik’s original six):
• Where?• Who?• How?• What?
A “flashbulb memory” is said to occur when a subject accurately recalls at least 3 of the 4 answers to the questions.
Procedure :
• 24 witnesses of the 9/11 incident were recruited as subjects from different places indowntown and midtown Manhattan.
• Sharot asked them to remember the attacks and a random event from another summer.
• She used a brain scanner, specifically a fMRI, to map the changes in their brain whilethey were recalling their past summers and the 9/11 attacks.
Findings:• People closer to the place had a more in-depth recall of the event.
• When compared to subject’s summer holiday, the level of detail given for 9/11 incidentwas higher.
• The parahippocampal gyrus, which is responsible for LTM retrieval, was relatively inactivewhen recalling memories of 9/11 as compared to recalling events from summer holiday.
• Amygdala (responsible for processing memory of emotional reaction) was relatively moreactive when recalling memories from 9/11.
• People from downtown reported seeing the towers “burning in red flames”, smelling thesmoke and hearing “the cries of people”.
Conclusion & Evaluation:
• Different parts of the brain were used for Flashbulb memory retrieval and LTM retrieval.
• Valid research since questions were asked about real-life situations.
• It was seen that distance or proximity played an important role in the formation of flashbulb memories(Downtown witnesses vs Midtown witnesses).
• People didn’t have to think too much when asked to recall about 9/11. However it took them a considerableamount of time when they were asked to recall their summer holiday.
• Flashbulb memories were very accurate even 36 weeks after the 9/11 attacks which proves that they areresistant to forgetting/decay.