Fire fighting course

FIRE FIGHTING COURSE

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CourseCrew 871 – Egypt


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Course TodayFrom 5:30 to 6:45 pm

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Course ContentsPart 1 FIREPart 2 FIRE EXTINCTIONPart 3 FIRE PREVENTIONPart 4 PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION

AND PRACTICE


Part 1

FIRE


1.1 What is Fire ?

Fire is a chemical reaction called combustion resulting in the release of heat and light.

To initiate and maintain this chemical reaction, there are three factors which must be present at the same time in order for a fire to occur.

They are the following;

Fuel Combustion substance either solid, liquid or gas.

Oxygen Air containing approx. 21% oxygen.

Heat The attainment of a certain temperature (a fire normally maintains its own heat supply).



1.2 THE FIRE TRIANGLE

Fire will exist when all 3 elements of the fire triangle are present.

1.3 Spreading’s ways of the Fire

There are three ways for the fire for spreading:

1. Radiation2. Conduction3. Convection



Radiation


1.3.3 RADIATION

Combustible materials can be ignited if they are situated close to a radiation source.

The heat energy is transferred from the source to the combustible material by means of electro-magnetic radiation.

Electric fire.

Sun's rays magnified through glass.



Conduction


1.3 HOW FIRE SPREAD

1.3.1 CONDUCTIONHeat applied to a solid is conducted through the material to heat up its entire area. The heat energy is transferred from one molecule to the next throughout the entire area of the solid.Steel supporting beams which can transfer heat to numerous locations in a building. Contact between the beam and combustiblematerial atany point could start a fire.Pipework for heating systems in a building.Electrical wiring.



Convection


1.3.2 CONVECTION

Convection helps to spread fire from one location to another. This is done by means of thermal air currents.

Fire heats up the air causing it to expand and become less dense. The hot air rises and move away from the fire. At the same time, more cooler air is drawn towards to fire to aid combustion and it is heated up in the same way causing the process to continue.

The result is a circulation and spreading of heat, hot gasses and possibly burning embers.


1.4 FIRE CLASSIFICATION

There are four main classes for fire:

A - B - C - D These classifications depend on the nature of the material which is burning.


Class A Solid materials: free burning combustibles such as wood,

paper, fabric, plastic, etc...


Class B Flammable liquids: oils, petrol, alcohol, greases, paint, varnishes, etc.


Class C Flammable gases: propane, butane, acetylene, etc…


Class D Combustible metals: magnesium, titanium, zirconium, aluminium powder, lithium, pothasium for

which special consideration has to be given to the method of application, appliance and extinguisher media.


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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cityofwoodland.org/fire/graphics/oldD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cityofwoodland.org/fire/fire-ext1.htm&h=140&w=140&sz=5&tbnid=e4xn-LDWrtcBdM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=15&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFire%252BClass%2BD%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

Class E Electrical Fire: normally is produced by the heat generated by a short circuit or an

electrical socket overcharged.


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1.5 FIRES INVOLVING ELECTRICAL RISKS

One's personal safety is of paramount importance. Electric shock must be avoided.

The electric supply must be disconnected, then the fire can be treated and extinguished according to its classification. In most cases it will be a class A fire.

If the electric supply cannot be disconnected, a non conductive extinguishing agent such as CO2, vaporising liquids or dry powder must be used.

Never use water or foam on electric fire !!!


To extinguish a fire we need to remove just ONE of the elements. We must remove each element of the fire triangle by different means

Heat Removed by cooling.

Oxygen Removed by smothering.

Fuel Removed by starving.


FIRE EXTINCTION

Fire will cease to exist when the heat is removed (cooling)


COOLING

Cooling absorbs sufficient heat in the fire (as the water turns to steam) so as to reduce the temperature below the fire point.

There is not enough heat left to maintain combustion.

Water is the most effective way to cool a fire


Fire will cease to exist when the oxygen is removed (smothering)


SMOTHERING

At least 21% oxygen in the atmosphere is required to maintain combustion. This supply can be blocked off by smothering so as to extinguish the fire.

Methods used to cut off the oxygen supply Blanketing the fire with dry powder. Use of a fire blanket to cover the fire (e.g. a chip pan fire). Application of foam on a liquid fire (which spreads over the

surface of the burning liquid and gradually cuts off the oxygen supply).

Displacing the oxygen


Fire will cease to exist when the fuel is removed (starvation)


STARVING

This method is to extinguish the fire through starvation by removal of the fuel.

Examples

Removal of surrounding combustible materials.

Turning off a gas supply.

Blanking of a pipeline.



Thanks for your attention today!

Fire Brigade Course

Crew 871 – Egypt

Part 2

FIRE EXTINCTION



Classes Substance Extinguishingmethods

Water Foam CO2 DryPowder

A Solidmaterials

Cooling;smothering

X X X

B Flammableliquids

Smothering X X X

C Flammablegases

Starving X X

Electricalhazards

Cut off electricsupply

X X

Vehicles Smothering X X


TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS


DRY POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER


Control valve

Discharge tube

Nozzle

Operating lever

Carrying handle

CO2 gas cartridge

Powder

CARBON DIOXYDE FIRE EXTINGUISHER


Control valve

Discharge tube

Liquid CO2

Operating lever

Carrying handle

Gaseous CO2

Nozzle

Part 4

FIRE PREVENTION


4.1 THE CONTROL OF FUELS

The fuel side of the fire triangle can result from uncontrolled usage or storage of combustible materials.

Combustible fuels (solid, liquid or gas) must be controlled in usage and storage in order to reduce or eliminate the risk of fire occurring.


4.1.1 SOLIDS

Uncontrolled usage and storage of large quantities of paper, furnishings, fittings may result in the initial ignition of a fire or supply sufficient fuel for the development of a serious fire following ignition.

All managers and supervisors should ensure that: Paper and files should be stored in presses (ideally non combustible metal

cupboards) away from sources of ignition. Unwanted stocks of paper, boxes or any unwanted fittings / furnishings are

be removed and disposed. Paper does not accumulate on floors or in rooms with electronic

equipment, computers, battery charging equipment, etc… No unapproved storage area is used to store solid combustibles. Regular cleaning of all areas under supervision is carried out and that

rubbish removed is disposed of safely.


4.1.2 LIQUIDS

The ability of flammable liquids, such as petrol, to ignite at ambient temperatures requires strict control regarding storage and use.

All managers and supervisors should ensure that:Petrol or its by-products are only transported in approved metal containers.

Petrol or its by-products are only stored in approved metal containers at a safe distance from any camp set up.

Cleaning sprays or liquids labelled as 'highly flammable' are kept to the minimum quantity necessary, and stored in metal

presses or approved cupboards out of direct sunlight.Cooking oils are only used in approved areas (kitchens) and

heated up only by competent persons under supervision.


4.1.3 GASES

Fire or explosions involving the storage or use may result from the ignition of leaking gas or following the heating of cylinders under fire conditions.

All managers and supervisors should ensure that:

Cylinders are not stored in buildings or vehicles overnight. Cylinders are securely stored in approved cages or compounds

when not in use.


Cylinders containing oxygen or air are stored separately from combustible gases such as propane or butane. Damaged or defective cylinders are returned to the supplier.

Staff using LPG or other combustible gases should ensure that:

Hoses and connections are in sound condition. Only approved connections are used in conjunction with cylinders. Cylinders are kept upright at all times during transportation,

storage and use. Cylinders are stored in approved locations only.


4.2 THE CONTROL OF SOURCES OF IGNITION

The heat or ignition side of the fire triangle can result from a number of sources which are readily available in the workplace or home. Frequent causes of fire :

Electrical apparatus or wiring. Smoking. Gas and LPG equipment. Cutting and welding equipment. Rubbish burning.


4.2.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND WIRING

Electrical equipment may cause a fire :

Arcing due to overload, earth faults or loose connections. Overheating due to overload capacity. Accidental ignition from apparatus designed to run hot in normal

use (heaters, cookers, soldering irons, etc.). Accidental overheating of apparatus not designed to run hot in

normal use.


Prevention and Control

All electrical maintenance and repair should be carried out by qualified staff.

Equipment and apparatus should be protected by correctly rated fuses and earthed in accordance with relevant standards.

All apparatus and equipment should be unplugged at the end of the working day.

Cookers and cooking equipment should be constantly supervised when in use and switched off when not in use.


Never overload sockets by the over use of adapters.

Electrical switching, battery charging and generator locations should be kept free of material at all times and never used for the storage of combustible items.

Soldering irons should only be used by competent staff and never left unsupervised when connected to a power source. Approved stands should always be provided for soldering irons.


Do Check for signs of damage to cables and leads.

Do Report and defective equipment immediately.

Do Switch off unnecessary equipment at the end of the day.

Don’t Overload circuits.

Don’t Cover or place articles over heating appliances.

Don’t Leave heat emitting apparatus such as cookers or soldering irons unattended.

Don’t Tamper with electrical apparatus.

Don’t Attach any combustible materials to light fittings.


Don’t Overload circuits.

Don’t Cover or place articles over heating appliances.

Don’t Leave heat emitting apparatus such as cookers or soldering irons unattended.

Don’t Tamper with electrical apparatus.

Don’t Attach any combustible materials to light fittings.


4.2.2 SMOKING

Only strict prohibition of smoking in key areas can prevent the risk of ignition of combustible items from discarded cigarettes or matches.

Smoking should be prohibited in the following areas:

Storage areas.

Mechanics' workshop areas.

LPG storage areas.

Flammable liquid stores.

Petrol or diesel bowsers.

Offices and computer rooms.


Do Provide a sufficient number of ash trays in designated smoking areas.

Do Check that smoking materials are correctly extinguished.

Do Erect 'no smoking' signs in all non-smoking areas.

Do Enforce the no-smoking rule.

Don’t Discard smoking materials irresponsibly.

Don’t Smoke in prohibited areas.

Don’t Disregard breaches of the no-smoking rule.


4.2.3 GAS AND L.P.G. EQUIPMENT

All LPG cylinders should be stored in the approved cage or compound at the end of the working day.

Hoses and connections should be checked for signs of leaks. The connection of valves, regulators or hoses to cylinders should

only be carried out in the open air.


Do Exercise caution when handling LPG cylinders.

Do Check hoses for signs of leaks.

Do Keep cylinders away from sources of heat.

Do Keep cylinders under shade in direct sunlight.

Don’t Store cylinders indoors overnight.

Don’t Use portable LPG appliances for heating purposes.


4.2.4 CUTTING AND WELDING EQUIPMENT

Extremely high temperatures are produced locally in operations involving oxy-propane, oxy-acetylene or arc welding.

Flame, sparks, molten metals or heat transmitted through materials being welded or cut, can ignite combustible items.

Lack of knowledge of the working environment by outside contractors increases the risk.

Ideally, cutting and welding operations should be subject to a permit to work system supervised by the department head.


Do Ensure that all cutting and welding equipment is in safe operating condition.

Do Ensure that only trained authorised persons carry out welding and cutting operations.

Do Remove all combustibles from the work area and cover fixed combustible items with a fire blanket.

Do Store oxygen, propane and acetylene cylinders securely in separate compounds outside and in an upright position with all valves turned off.

Don’t Allow contractors to use welding and cutting equipmentunsupervised.

Don’t Store welding gases overnight indoors.

Don’t Allow untrained staff to use welding or cutting equipment.


4.2.5 RUBBISH BURNING

Rubbish should only be incinerated at a designated site which is in a safe location and operated by competent persons.

Do Ensure that rubbish is collected daily in rubbish bins.

Don’t Burn rubbish anywhere except in the approved incineration area.


Part 5

FIRE ACTION


If fire occurs Set on the fire alarm.

Shout Fire ! Fire ! Fire !.

Attack the fire if possible.

If in danger Don't take risk.

Evacuate to the fire assembly

point.

When the fire alarm sounds Leave your location.

Report to the assembly point.

Don't stop for personal belongings. Do

not return until the all clear is given.



SMOKE TRAVEL


SMOKE TRAVEL

Part 6

PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION AND PRACTISE

- Extinguisher Selection and Use.

- Classes A, B and Chip Pan Fires.


Education

Fire fighting course