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END 104 Final Exam Review
Citation preview
Final ReviewFinal Review
END 104
Review• Idiopathic
• Symptomatic
Review• SSPE
– Dormant measles virus, slow virus
• Reye’s Syndrome– Encephalitis, URI or chicken pox
• Pick’s Disease– Progressive dementia and aphasia– Atrophy to frontal and temporal poles
• Huntington's Chorea– Inherited, chorea, intellectual decline, loss of self
care
Review• Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
– Early stages: • disorganized, polymorphic delta• Focal or lateralized• Predominance over infected temporal
region
Review• Cerebral abscess
– EEG:• Usually shows, localized or lateralized
high voltage, irregular delta activity• Degree of abnormality reflects the
severity of inflammation
Review• Vital signs of meningitis
– Neck stiffness (rigidity)– Kernig’s sign
Review• TIA
– Transient ischemic attack• Focal neurological deficit, secondary to
inadequate blood supply• Sudden in onset• Resolve completely in 24 hours, no
deficits
Review• Middle cerebral artery CVA
– Most common– Motor and sensory, opposite face and
arm– Aphasia if dominant hemisphere – Visual field losses
Review• Anterior cerebral artery CVA
– Confusion and behavior disorders– Both motor and sensory impairment
in the opposite leg
Review• Ischemic CVA
– The blood supply to part of the brain suddenly becomes inadequate for the brain to function
• Hemorrhagic CVA– A blood vessel ruptures and blood rushes
into either the brain and destroys it or the subarachnoid space causing increased ICP
Review• PLEDS
– Associated with acute ischemic CVA
Review• Partial seizures
– Simple (elementary)– Complex– Secondarily generalized
• Generalized Seizures• Unclassified
Review• Tonic clonic seizure
– EEG:• High voltage fast beta• Polyspikes and muscle during tonic phase• Polyspike complexes with each clonic
movement• Generalized suppression with gradual
build-up of activity
Review• Alzheimer’s disease
– Atrophy of the cerebral cortex
– EEG:• May be normal early• Diffuse slow, with a slow, poorly
organized or absent background.
Review• Neuroleptic medications
– anti-psychotic medication– Adverse reactions
• Pseudoparkinsonism• Tardive dyskinesia
Review• Metabolic disorders
– The EEG, in general, shows non-specific changes
– Usually, diffuse slowing in varying degrees. Slow alpha to generalized delta
• Anoxia• Hypoglycemia / hyperglycemia• Hypocapnia• Hypocalcemia• Etc….
Review• Alpha coma
– Brainstem infarcts
Review• Triphasic waves
– EEG is diffusely slow– No alpha– Frontally dominant– Generalized with time lag– Three phases
Review• Hyperthyroidism
– Grave’s Disease– Excessive secretion of the thyroid
gland
Review• Mysoline primidone• Depakote valproic acid• Valium diazepam• Luminal phenobarbital• Dilantin phenytoin• ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Review• Psychotherapeutics
– Induce decreased emotionality and indifference to external stimuli
– Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Compazine, Stelazine, etc..
– Decrease of background frequency, increase in amplitude
– Thorazine, lowers threshold to PS and can cause status epilepticus in those with epilepsy
Review• Common migraine – no aura• Classical migraine – aura• Hemiplegic migraine – with neuroilogical
deficits• Cluster headache – vascular headache,
unilateral, usually in or around one eye• Tension headache – muscle contraction, tight,
band like pressure
Review• Epidural hematoma – bleeding
above dura• Subdural hemoatoma – bleeding
between the dura and arachnoid• Subarachnoid hemorrhage –
between the arachnoid and pia