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History of digitization in Dutch museums course, last class overview.
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Capita Selecta 2012-2013 History of Dutch
museum digitization 13- Overview
40 years of digitization
Universiteit van Amsterdam Opleiding Culturele Informatiewetenschap
© Trilce Navarrete Hernandez
Today
• About DEconf12 (h4p://www.youtube.com/user/CATCHPlusNL)
• Final paper • Goals / expectaIons
• Overview • (themaIc) Imeline • Some concluding thoughts
CS 2012-‐2013 Image: “Faces of the Rijksmuseum” http://weblab.ab-c.nl/rijksmuseum
Goals • Know the most important elements in the digiIzaIon of
Dutch museums. – Discover your history ! To be&er understand the present.
• Know the digiIzaIon process. – With a focus on policy, finances, technology, organizaIonal change and
the user of heritage content. To understand complex projects.
• IdenIfy the differences between Dutch and internaIonal museums. – To compare interna7onally, with other 7mes and across sectors.
• Apply CIW theories. – Use your CIW knowledge. To strengthen your CIW excellence.
• Think strategically during criIcal analysis of digiIzaIon processes.
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Tasks • Individual wri4en analysis (x4) • You chose a theme: policy, finances, technology, organizaIonal change, the user.
• You map the history on the one theme.
• Group acIvity • Linked to final research project.
• Literature review (x8) • You read and analyze the texts (summary, core ideas, place in history).
• You link it to the present (e.g. sIll valid?) • Final research project
• You chose a theme to analyze.
• You set in history (based on x4 individual wri4en documents).
• You set in CIW theory.
• You organize the data, you idenIfy the characterisIcs, and you reflect on the process = what does it all mean?
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Almost: make timeline?
Almost: write intro together
Review ICI (e.g. market of information JMO)
Write final report (2 weeks)
May need to review for final paper
Ideas / tools ?
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Ideas / tools ?
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Tell your story based on all the pieces from class, from the literature, from your own sources …
Support them with CIW theory. What do you see? What quesIons emerge?
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Policy towards use of standards
Use of the (pre)web to access content
Use of resources to register collecIons
First Ime a new technology was used
Policy towards selecIon of objects
Public involvement in digiIzaIon
InternaIonal influence/inspiraIon
Sodware development
Concept of collecIon
Grant and subsidy allocaIon
Type of informaIon being documented
Overview Once upon a Ime…
Museums began experimen(ng with the use of computers, there was an interest in a tool to support administra(on and increase data exchange. The government saw potenIal and supported adopIon (naIonal/EC level). Netherlands was inspired by work abroad.
• 1950s ‘white book’ for collecIons administraIon
• 1968 Computers and their PotenIal ApplicaIon conference (MET + IBM)
• 1969 subsidy to document Salt Water Finishing (literature, then objects)
• 1970s Chenhall Nomenclature
• 1978 remote search conducted on ship models (data in KIM) • 1987 Basic RegistraIon Card launched
• 1989 EC European Museum Network (for data exchange)
• 1994 NaIonal AcIon Program Electronic Superhighway CS 2012-‐2013 This story can be told from many different perspectives…
Overview SupporIng groups formed:
MARDOC had an unprecedented leading role. This was to an extent taken over by SIMIN and then by DEN. Smaller groups can be themaIc (SVCN, OKBN) or geographic. All groups have conducted surveys and made inventories of the state of affairs, have advised on best pracIce and have taken a guiding role. These groups have coordinated answers to ‘why digiIze?’ and ‘how to go about it?’ (what informaIon? In what form?). They have also advocated for museum needs.
• 1973 VISDOC formed
• 1976 MARDOC formed (1987 absorbed by RKD)
• 1977 SIMIN formed (InformaIon Retrieval SecIon from NMV)
• 1982 OKBN formed (7 libraries)
• 1990 SVCN FoundaIon formed • 1999 DEN formed CS 2012-‐2013
Overview InformaIon became of value:
Access to collecIon (informaIon), now and in the future, has been the central purpose to digiIze. InformaIon can be found in many forms (not only in museum objects). Eventually, informaIon about the objects, ‘the story’, is being valued as key asset. AutomaIon/digiIzaIon and informaIon management have developed into a specializaIon.
• 1990 Museum Boerhave adverIsed a ‘registrar’ posiIon
• 1990s organizaIons (e.g. Rijks) separated CollecIon InformaIon from IT
• 2000 TM ‘every object has a story’, ‘knowledge is in people’s heads’
• 2007 Images of the Future was to sell content
• 2010 AM ‘the stories about Amsterdam and residents’ is core collecIon, objects help illustrate
• 1013 Rijksmuseum explores niche-‐sourcing (focused crowd to conIrbute) CS 2012-‐2013
Overview DigiIzaIon supports the economy:
ProducIon and distribuIon of digital heritage content has increasingly resulted from the collaboraIon of memory insItuIons (LAMs), knowledge centers (universiIes), private businesses (creaIve industries) and the user (generally underesImated). Areas of experIse include heritage, IT, the market and the user. Interdisciplinary, cross sector collabora(ons are core to innovaIve market soluIons.
• 1990 ICES-‐KIS R&D > 2000 ICES-‐KIS for culture
• 1999 Digital Delta R&D for heritage (managed by DEN)
• 2004 CATCH > 2009 CATCH Plus (valoriza7on)
• 2011 EC recommendaIons: foster public-‐private partnerships
• 2012 COMMIT
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Overview But, li4le is known of digiIzaIon costs:
A number of models have been devised to es(mate costs. InsItuIons sIll generally lack a structural digiIzaIon budget. The lack of oversight hinders long term planning and preservaIon (of past investments). Financing with private moneys further raises issues of responsibili(es towards the informaIon. New innovaIve forms of (open) private support could be beneficial. Meten is weten ?
• 1987 SIMIN (R=(T*S)+M+F)
• 1990 Delta Plan for the PreservaIon of Cultural Heritage (T*# objects)
• 1995 MusIP (T*available informaIon + # collecIons)
• 2008 NUMERIC (The Digital Facts) (FTEs) (archive cost model)
• 2012 ENUMERATE (FTEs) • 2012 digiIzaIon is generally financed internally
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Overview Concluding thoughts
AdopIon of computers fundamentally changed work in museums. Changes can be mapped in organizaIonal change, in policy development, in resource allocaIon, in choice of technology, in relaIon to the public, demand expectaIons and in the concept of a (virtual) museum and its (digital) collecIon.
AdopIng computers has required adapta(on to a new way of thinking. New skills, new work forms, new standards and new possibiliIes all come together. Key is valua(on of informa(on from mulIple sources (e.g. objects, stories, library). DigiIzaIon is a con(nuous process.
The knowledge infrastructure is slowly being built/funded. Transparency and professionalism have increased to benefit understanding of informaIon management. DocumentaIon and infrastructural work generally lacks the reputaIon publicaIon/exhibiIons have. The Internet, however, can only show what has been done.
UlImately, digiIzaIon is a tool to facilitate knowledge transfer. As such, issues of IPR, mass digiIzaIon, use of (open) standards, market value, financing, sustainability, and selecIon must be dealt with accordingly. CS 2012-‐2013
We now can ‘proof’ what we already knew…
Overview QuesIons:
There are 810 museums and ca. 16 million in habitants in the Netherlands. What is the raIo of museum (virtual) visits? What does that mean?
If digiIzed/digital heritage is also property of the government, will user generated content also be regarded as such? Is informaIon inherently public?
We are all waiIng for the next thing (e.g. digital humaniIes), what are the challenges ahead?
How would you tell the story of digiIzaIon in Dutch museums?
CS 2012-‐2013
Next Ime
• Wed 12 Dec: last class with presentaIons: think of bringing a guest.
• NB Wed 6 Feb CIW-‐AW meeIng (15:00hrs)
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