Fertilizers

Presented by: M.saeed Ullah

Subject: plant nutrient and

growth regulators

Roll number: 3746

Semester: 5th

Department: Agriculture Sciences

(agronomy)

Fertilizers:

Any substance which supply one or more mineral element essential for plant growth is called fertilizer.

Introductory Phase 1949-1980

Take off Phase 1981-2000

Advance Phase 2000 onwards

Introduce in 1952-53

About 60 yrs ago- Pakistani soil are deficient in N

Ist SSP Plant 1957 (Faisalabad) what to do with product,

Ammonium sulphate 1958 (Daud Khel)

History was started simple trials by Dr. A. Wahab under the UN project Freedom from Hunger Fund Dutch Agronomist Dr. J.G. Vermaat

Encouraging Results from trials on the farmers fields & research stations in the country on P & N

NFDC 1978, Planning Commission, GoP

Gathered voluminous data on fertilizers trials under the financial support of Dutch, FAO & Norwegian Government Projects

Result fertilizer need increased 55.5 kg 1979-80 to 86.4 kg in 1989-90 & to 124 kg 1990-00 (55% increased)

Challenges phase

Requires refinement in fertilizer efficiency by achieving better nutrients ratio & precision methods of application

De-regulated by the local & imported quantity imposed pricing problems

Outstanding achievement was MOP (K) as alternate of SOP

Micronutrient trials by PARC

Fertilizer increased 124 (1999-00) – 185 kg ha-1

(2013-14)

Rising fertilizer pricing: Urea 2000 (Rs. 324/bag)- 2014 (Rs. 1800/bag)

DAP 2000 (Rs. 632/bag)- 2014 (Rs. 3629/bag)

Crop Output prices

Heavy taxes (on inputs)

Inadequate availability of fertilizer

Lately shortage of gas to the fertilizer factories

Disparity of prices between local & imported resultant in more expensive & short supply in the market

Why Fertilizer??

Supply plant nutrients

Improve plant health

Enhance appearance

Improve pest tolerance

Introduction of semi-dwraf cv of wheat in mid 1970s requiring higher application of nutrients-Dr. N. L. Borlaug, Resulted fertilizer use were;

1964-65 70,000 tons

1969-70 312, 000 tons

1979-80 1044, 000 tons

Phase 1 lasted upto 1960, period of agricultural neglect, resulting in low

annual growth of1.5%.

Phase 2.Between 1960-65 trend was reversed, growth rate was 3.9%

Phase 3. 7.78% between1965-70, period of Green Revolution

Phase 4 i.e between 1970-77 growth rate declined to 1.67% due to

number of exogenous and policy related features.

In terms of dependent population. 82% in 1951, 77.5% in 1961, 74.3% in

1972, 71.72% in 1981 and 79% in 1991.

:

A large increse in foodproduction in Developed and Developing countries achieved by using modern agricultural techniques.

www.greenrevolutionoxforddictionaries.com

Developedcountries: (1950 to 1970)

United State

Canada

New Zealand

Othercountries in Europe

Developing Countries:

(1960s)

India Pakistan

Japan Mexico

China Bangladesh

Argentina Egypt

Colombia Turkey

Thailand Malaysia

Indonesia Philipines

. Liberal use of Fertilizers

plant growth ( nutrients )

fertilizer provides greener

Get high greater grain yield

Bacteria blight stem borer gall midge

rugged stunt brown leaf hopper wilted stunt

Pesticides Insecticides

Fungicides Herbicides

Plowing

Sowing Harvesting

Increasing the farmer’s productivity

Having a shorter growing season

Making double or treble cropping

. Extensive of Irrigation Facilities:

Government built dams

to provide enough water

supply…

. Improved Transport Network:

Government built more

roads, highways and

railways…

Government provides :

Subsidies

Commercial banks

Finance houses

What are the

problems that have

arisen with the green

revolution ?

.Poor famers are unable to benefit from the benefit of Green Revolution.

. Many small farmers are forced to give up farming indirectly.

. The rich famers become more wealthy.

. Green Revolution has brought more environmental crisis and health risks.

. GR have greatly depleted the world’s fossil fuel.

INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PER CAPITA

CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZERS

Fertilizer

Sources and Forms of Fertilizer

FERTILIZERS

Fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin added to the soil to supply one or more plant nutrients.

Straight.

Mix.

Complete

Incomplete

Organic

Inorganic

Soluble

Insoluble

Name Ratio of N:P:K

Urea 46:0:0

Ammonium sulphate (AS) 21:0:0

Ammonium nitrate (AN) 35:0:0

Single super phosphate (SSP) 0:18:0

Triple super phosphate (TSP) 0:46:0

Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 18:46:0

Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) 11:52:0

Sulphate of potash (SOP) 0:0:50

Murate of potash (MOP) 0:0:60

Nitrophos 23:23:0

NPK 15:15:15

NPK 10:20:20

NPK 13:13:10


1. Straight fertilizers

Straight

fertilizers are those

which supply only

one primary plant

nutrient, namely

nitrogen or

phosphorus or

potassium. E.g. Urea,

ammonium sulphate,

potassium chloride

and potassium

sulphate.

2. Complex fertilizers

Complex

fertilizers contain two or

three primary plant

nutrients of which two

primary nutrients are in

chemical combination.

These fertilizers

are usually produced in

granular form e.g.

Diammonium phosphate,

nitrophosphates and

ammonium phosphate.

3. Mixed fertilizers:

Physical

mixtures are straight

fertilizers. They

contain two or three

primary plant

nutrients.

Mixed fertilizers are

made by thoroughly

mixing the ingredients

either mechanically or

manually.


Fertilizers can also be classified based on physical form

Solid fertilizers Liquid fertilizers

Urea prills Granulated ureaAmmonium sulphate


Solid fertilizers are in several forms:

• Powder (single superphosphate)

• Crystals (ammonium sulphate)

• Prills (urea, diammonium phosphate,

superphosphate),

• Granules (Holland granules)

• Supergranules (urea supergranules)

• Briquettes (urea briquettes).

Fertilizer

TYPES OF FERTILIZERS


Liquid fertilizers

Liquid form fertilizers are applied with irrigation water or for application.

Ease of handling, less labour requirement and possibility of mixing with

herbicides has made the liquid fertilizers more acceptable to farmers.

A. Nitrogenous fertilizers

More than 80 per cent of the fertilizers used in this country are made up

of nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly urea.

Ammoniacal Nitrate Ammoniacal and

Nitrate

Amide fertilizer

Ammoniumm

Sulphate

Ammonium chloride

Anhydrous

ammonia

Sodium Nitrate

Calcium Nitrate

Potassium Nitrate

Ammonium Nitrate

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate

Urea

Calcium Cynamide



The nitrogenous fertilizers can be further classified into:

Ammonical fertilizers

• Ammoniacal fertilizers contain the nutrient nitrogen in the form of

ammonium or ammonia.

• Except rice, all crops absorb nitrogen in nitrate form. These fertilizers are

resistant to leaching loss, as the ammonium ions get readily absorbed on

the colloidal complex of the soil.


a) Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2 S04]

• It is a white salt completely soluble in water containing20.6 % N and 24.0 % S

• It is used advantageously in rice and jute cultivation.

• It is easy to handle and it stores well under dry conditions.But during rainy season, it sometimes forms lumps.

• It can be applied before sowing, at the time of sowing or asa top-dressing to the growing crop.

Ammonium chloride


b) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)

• It is a white salt contains 26.0 % N

• It is usually not recommended for tomato,

tobacco and such other crops as may be injured

by chlorine.


2. Nitrate Fertilizers

• Nitrate fertilizers contain the nitrogen in the form of NO3

• These ions are easily lost by leaching because of the greater mobility of nitrate ions in the soil.

• Continuous use of these fertilizers may reduce the soil acidity as these nitrogenous fertilizers are basic in their residual effect on soils.


b) Potassium nitrate (KN03)

The purified salt contains 13.0 % N and 36.4 % K.

The nitrogen of the potassium nitrate has the same properties and value

as that of the sodium nitrate.

3. Ammoniacal and nitrate fertilizers

These fertilizers contain nitrogen in both ammonium and nitrate

forms. The nitrates are useful for rapid utilization by crops and the

ammonical is gradually available

Calcium nitrate


a) Calcium nitrate [Ca (NO3)2]

It is a white crystalline

hygroscopic solid soluble in water

containing 15.5 % N and 19.5 % Ca.

The calcium is useful for maintaining a

desirable soil pH.

.


b) Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)

• Calcium ammonium nitrate is a fine free-flowing,light brown or grey granular fertilizer, containing26 % N.

• It is almost neutral and can be safely applied even to acid soils.

• 50% of its total nitrogen is in the ammoniacal form and another 50% is in nitrate form.


a) Ammonium nitrate (NH4N03)

• Contain 35 % N half as nitrate nitrogen and half in the

ammonium form.

• In the ammonium form, it cannot be easily leached from the

soil.

• This fertilizer is quick-acting, but highly hygroscopic and not fit

for storage.

• It has an acidulating effect on the soil

Sources and Forms of FertilizerC) Ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2S04 NH4NO3]

• It contains 26 % N, three fourths of it in the ammoniacal form and the rest (6.5 %)

as nitrate nitrogen.

• It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.

• It absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and has to be kept in moisture proof

containers.

• It is readily converted to ammoniacal and nitrate forms in the soil.

The nitrogen in urea is readily fixed in the soil in an ammoniacal form and is not lost

in drainage.

Urea sprays are readily absorbed by plants.

It may be applied at sowing or as, a top-dressing.

It is suitable for most crops and can be applied to all soils.


b) Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2)

• Calcium cyanamide or nitrolime contains 20.6 % N

• It is a greyish white powdery material that decomposed in moist

soil giving rise to ammonia.

B. Phosphatic fertilizers

Phosphatic fertilizers are chemical substances that contain

the nutrient phosphorus in absorbable form (Phosphate anions) or

that yield after conversion in the soil.


4. Amide fertilizers

Amide fertilizers are readily soluble in water and easily

decomposable in the soil.

a) Urea [CO (NH2)2]

It is the most concentrated solid nitrogenous fertilizer,

containing 46 % N

It is a white crystalline substance readily soluble in water.


Super phosphate [Ca (H2PO4)2)

This is the most important phosphatic fertilizer in use.

It contains 16 % P2O5 in available form.

It is a grey ash like powder with good keeping or storage

qualities.

Phosphatic fertilizer hardly moves in the soil and hence they are

placed in the, root zone.


Triple super phosphate:

The concentrated super phosphate is called as Triple super phosphate and

it contains 46 % P2O5 .

This fertilizer is suitable for all crops and all soils.

In acid soils, it should be used in conjunction with organic manure.

It can be applied before or at sowing or transplanting.

C. Potassic fertilizers

There are a limited number of fertilizer materials that can be used

to supply K when needed.

Common fertilizer sources of K

Material Chemical Formula K2O Contend(%)

Potassium chloride KCl 60

Potassium-magnesium sulfate K2SO4-2MgSO4 20

Potassium nitrate KNO3 44

Potassium sulfate K2SO4 50



a)Potassium chloride (KCI)

• Potassium chloride or muriate of potash is a white or

red, crystal containing 60.0 % K2O.

• It is completely soluble in water and therefore readily

available to the crops.

• It is not lost from the soil, as it is absorbed on the

colloidal surfaces.

• It can be applied at sowing or before or after sowing.


b) Potassium sulphate (K2S04)

• Potassium sulphate or sulphate of potash is a white salt and

contains 48 % K2O.

• It is soluble in water nd therefore readily available to the crop.

• It does not produce any acidity or alkalinity in the soil.

• It is preferred for fertilization of crops like tobacco, potato etc.,


E. Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers

a. Magnesium fertilizers

These are chemical substances containing the

nutrient magnesium in the form of magnesium

cations (Mg2+).

Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)

The utilization rate of magnesium fertilizers

decreases with increasing potassium supplies.


b. Calcium fertilizers

These are the chemical substances containing the

nutrient calcium in absorbable calcium cations ('Ca2+) form.

The raw material of calcium fertilizers is lime found in

nature.

Calcium Chloride (CaCl2 6H2O)

It contains at least 15 % Ca.

It is highly water soluble and can, therefore, be dissolved

for application as a foliar nutrient.


D. Micronutrient Fertilizers

The importance of fertilization of crops with micro-nutrients is

increasing mainly because of greater removal from the soil, intensive liming

of soil, intensive drainage of soil, higher use of nitrogenous, phosphatic and

potassic fertilizers etc.

There are seven essential micronutrients required by plants.

These are iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chlorine, boron and

molybdenum.


c. Sulphate Fertilizers

These are chemical substances containing the nutrient

sulphur in the form of absorbable sulphate anions (SO42-).

The sulphur requirements of plants are about two third of their

phosphorus requirements.

Substantial sulphur supplies occur as minor constituents of

various N, P and K fertilizers.

Ferrous sulphate

(FeSO4 7H2O)

It is a water soluble fertilizer containing 20 % Fe

Fe – Chelates

Fe-EDTA

Fe-EDDPA

Suitable for application as foliar nutrients


a. lron fertilizers

These are generally water soluble substances, predominantly sprayed

as foliar nutrients on the crops.

Plants absorb iron in the form of Fe2+.

ManganousSulphate

( MnSO4 7H2O)

It is the well known water soluble Mn fertilizer.

It is pink salt containing 24 % Mn.

It dissolves in water and is suitable for foliar

application.

Mn – chelates (Mn –

DTA)

It contains 13 % Mn.

It plays an important role in the crop fertilization.


b. Manganese fertilizers

The manganese (Mn) fertilizers are as follows:

e. Boron Fertilizers

Borax (Na2B4O

10H2O)

It contains 11 % B

It is water soluble white salt

It can be applied as a soil dressing or foliar

application

Boric acid (H3BO3) It contains 18 % B

It is a white crystalline powder

It is applied as a foliar nutrient


d. Copper Fertilizers

Copper fertilizers have been used to correct copper (Cu),deficiencies.

Copper sulphate (CuSO4 5H2O) – 25 % Cu

Copper sulphate (CuSO4 H2O) – 36 % Cu

Zincsulphate

(ZnSO4 7H2O)

It is water soluble whitish salt containing 23 %

Zn.

It is applied as foliar nutrient.

Its acidic action causes corrosion damage to

plants

Zinc-oxide(ZnO) It contains 70 % Zn.

It is slightly soluble in water

It is used as slow acting foliar nutrient


c. Zinc fertilizersZinc (Zn) fertilizers play an important role in Zn

deficient

f. Molybdenum Fertilizers

Sodium molybdate

(Na2MoO42H2O)

It contains 40 % Mo

Ammonium

molybdate

(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O)

It contains 54 % Mo


To Sum up


Fertilizers are available in both organic as well as inorganicforms.

They are classified as straight, complex and mixed fertilizers.

They can also be classified into solid and liquid fertilizers.

Fertilizers are applied to supply nutrients required by the cropthat are taken up from the soil.

Specially Thanks to Sir Ayub khan...

May Allah Keeps his respectness, happiness and smiling nature always

Ameeen

Education

Fertilizers