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Review4-1 Past participle4-2 Present perfect with since and for4-3 Negatives, questions, and short answer forms4-4 Present perfect with unspecified time4-5 Simple past vs. present perfect4-6 Present perfect progressive4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect4-8 Past perfect
CONTENTS
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Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max.
Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her
grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter.
Jenna _____ very good care her dog.
He __ a great dog.
loves
be
Review and Preview
PRESENT AND PAST VERBS lovegivefindtake
gave
found
takes
is
is
be
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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
She has forgotten his name.
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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
REGULARVERBS
IRREGULARVERBS
SIMPLEFORM
SIMPLEPAST
PASTPARTICIPLE
finishstopwait
seemakeput
finishedstoppedwaited
sawmadeput
finishedstoppedwaitedseenmadeput
past perfect tensepresent perfect tense
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4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLEFORM
SIMPLEPAST
PASTPARTICIPLE
stopgotakewrite
stoppedwenttookwrote
stoppedgonetakenwritten
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4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.
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(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.
(b) I have played the violin for six years.
present perfect + sincefor
past present
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
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xx
x
6:00
now
(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m..
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
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4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(c) I have You have She, He, It has
We have They have
STATEMENT: have / has + past participle
been here for a week.
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(d) I have worked here
since noon.since Wednesday.since April.since 2010.since May 9, 2011.since yesterday.since last week.
Since Specific point in time(hour, day, month, etc.)
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
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(e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(f) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
(g) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
(h) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
(i) INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.
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(j) We have been friends since I was fifteen.
MAIN CLAUSE(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE(simple past)
(k) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
since + subject + simple present verb
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
SINCE
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(h) I have worked here
for fifty minutes.for five hours.for ten days.for about six weeks.for almost two months.for many years.for a long time.
For length of time
FOR
4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR
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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
Mary has been playing the piano since ___________.
3 hours she was six
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano for ___________. three hours
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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
Alejandro has studied English since ________________.
he started school15 years
he started school
Alejandro has studied English for __________________. fifteen years
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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
My uncle has driven a taxi _____ 1982.
forsince
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.for
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4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
Has he finished all his work?
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(a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet.
(b) Fatima has not (hasn’t) gone home.
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
NEGATIVE:
have/has + not + past participle Negative Contractions:
have + not = haven’thas + not = hasn’t
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(c) Have you read the report?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
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(d) Has Marcy gone home?
have/has + subject + past participle
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
(c) Have you read the report?
(e) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION:
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No, I’ve never been to Paris.
Ever = in your entire lifetime
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
(f) Have you ever been to Paris?
EVER and NEVER:
Never use for negative responses
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(g)
SHORT ANSWER: have / haven’t
Have you read all of this article?
No, I haven’t. I have only read a
few pages.
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
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(h)
SHORT ANSWER: has / hasn’t
Yes, she has. She did it after school.
Has Kyung finished her homework?
4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS
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___________________ a snake?
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Have you ever touched
youtouchever
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________________
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
I’ve never touched
touchnever
No,
a snake.
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_________________ a shark?
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Has Justin ever seen
Justinseeever
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Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
hasSouth Africa.
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4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
Tyler has taken his first steps.
Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
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(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
(b) Leah has recently visited Singapore.
The activity occurred before now or
sometime in the past.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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now
time?
X
before now
X
(a) Micah has just gotten his first job.
(b) Janelle has recently visited Singapore.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity repeatedbefore now, unspecified past times
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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now
X
before now
XXX
(c) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(d) Her students have painted portraits twice.
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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(e) Tyler has already taken his first steps.OR
Tyler has taken his first steps already.
Use already in affirmative statements
ALREADY:
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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(f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
YET:
Use yet in negative statements
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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(g) Has she already seen the movie?
Both ok in questions.
ALREADY and YET:
Has she seen the movie yet?
Has she seen the movie already?
4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME
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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
Kyung __________________the test.
take, already
has already taken
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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I ______________ _______ 8 AM.
studysince
ORfor
‘ve been studying since
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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
Rosa ___________ to Italy three times.
be
has been
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4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish when I was a child.
I have had many otherfish since then.
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4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
PRESENT PERFECT(b) They have already completed the game.
specific time
unspecified time
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4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
PRESENT PERFECT(d) I have been to Nigeria three times.
specific time
unspecified time
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4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
PRESENT PERFECT(f) Eli has been camping for 9 days.(f) Eli has been camping since last Monday.
for activity began & ended in past
for / since activity began & continues
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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?We have been to Tokyo many times.
OR
UNSPECIFIED PRESENTPERFECT
44
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Barry has never been to Tokyo.
OR
UNSPECIFIED PRESENTPERFECT
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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED TIME ?Gina went to Tokyo last month.
OR
SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been workingfor ten hours.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock.
(b) She has been working for ten hours.
STATEMENT: have/has + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM: have/has + subject + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right nowduration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVEbegan in pastin progress right nowtime expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month.
non-action verbs progressive tenses
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
My sister _________ the phone.
use
is using
has been using
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
She _____________ it for threehours. I need to make a call.
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Her parents __________.
They ________________ together for over thirty years.
dance
are dancing
have been dancing
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Where are you _______for the summer holiday?
I am ______ to the beach.
I ______________ to the beach
go
going
going
have been goingevery summer since I was a child.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking.They have been hiking for several days.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days.
repeated activitiesunspecified times in the past
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
duration of present activities,action verbs
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains.
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years.
(d) The guys have known each other for ten years.
duration of present activities,non-action verbs
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(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.
OR
(g) I have studied medicine for one year.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
same meaning
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(h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child.
OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities either tense okay
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(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.
OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.
4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT
usual, habitual activities either tense okay
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4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
How long ___ your family ______ here?
We __________ here for ten years.
live
lived
have lived
has
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4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
How long ___ your family _________ here?
We _____________ here for ten years.
live
been living
have been living
has
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.
two events in the past1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
(c) It’d closed. She’d gone home. He’d gone home. They’d gone home. We’d gone home. You’d gone home.
CONTRACTION: I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
(e) Andrea finished dinner before Kris got home.
(d) Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home.
(f) Kris had gotten home after Andrea finished dinner.
(g) Kris got home after Andrea finished dinner.
before and after
= Clear time relationship
Perfect tense not necessary
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
1st2nd
I had already gone to bed when it started snowing.
a. it started snowing ____
b. I went to bed ____1st
2nd
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
1st2nd
I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed.
a. store closed ____
b. tried to go shopping ____
1st
2nd
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4-8 PAST PERFECT
1st2nd
A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday.
a. the friend saw the movie ____
b. the friend called ____
1st
2nd
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