ASSIGNMENTON

EXTENSION APPROACHES IN INDIA &

IN USA

Submitted to,

Dr.B.P.Singh

Sr,Scientist

Div. of Extension Education Submitted by,

Dr.Balaraj BLM. V. Sc, 5076Div. of Extension Education

Definition :-

• Extension approach

• Is the overall orientation of extension activity within a particular organisation or geographical area.

• “The Style Of Action Within A System” - (FAO, 1990)

Introduction

• Before coming of British to India, all villages were self-sufficient, self-contained, self -governed units, so there was very little need for the social welfare and all requirement met with in the village. But this was disrupted by invasion of British and Mughals rule.

• Because of this different extension approaches started in India.

Extension approaches by British government in India

• Till the last quarter of 19th century nothing was done by foreign rulers. During 19th century 33 famines took place, in that 18 famines occurred b/w 1875-1901. This forced the Government to appoint some commissions and recommended rural development work.

• They followed certain act like:-

• Land improvement loan act and Agriculture loan act 1888.

• Cooperative loan act 1904.• Amendment of cooperative act in 1912.• Establishment of Development Departments like

AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, IRREGATION, etc.

• Some irrigation project for control of famine.• In 1935 Village uplift Board was started.• These acts were failed because the activities not

based on detailed studies or need and resource of people, it never emphasized the people’s participation, cooperation & involvement. It never tried to create confidence in the people through education.

Extension by different agencies and organization before 1952

• Work at Shanthinikethan:- ( WEST BENGAL)

• In 1908 Rabindranath Tagore under his scheme for Rural development work, started youth organization in village in Kaligram Pargan of Zamindari.

• in 1921 he established Rural Reconstruction Institute at shanthinikethan.

• A group of 8 villages was the center of the programme .

• Activities: agriculture,cooperation,industries & edun.

Objectives of RRI :-• To create a real interest in people for rural welfare .

• To study rural problem & to translate conclusion into action.

• To help villagers develop their resources.

• To improve village sanitation.

• These objectives were desired to be achieved by,

creating a sprit of self-help, develop village leadership, organizing village scouts, establishing training centers for handicrafts, establishing demonstration center at shantiniketan.

The type of demonstration at shantiniketan

• Improved agricultural practices.

• Establish a dairy to supply pure milk and better animals to the farmers for breeding.

• Poultry farm development.

• The institute could not get much help from govt and it could not conduct research work, so its work remained limited to the 8 villages.

Gurgaon Experiment:-• Started by F.L.BRAYNE, Deputy commissioner in the

Gurgaon district of Punjab. • It was rural uplift movement on mass scale.• In this experiment village guide was appointed in each

village, this guide was acting as bridge between rural people and researcher.

• In this they were mainly concentrating on Agriculture development like improved seeds & implements, improved method of cultivation.

• The village guides were non technical men so achievement were less.

• After 1933 this work again gathered movement.

Servants of India society, Poona

• At Mayapura village in madras this organization started a center to impart training in Agriculture and cottage industries to village boys & girls.

• It also started centers in UTTAR PRADESH and MADHYA PRADESH.

• Published booklets on subject like basic education, labour problem.

Daniel Hamilton scheme for rural reconstruction,

• In 1903 Daniel Hamilton formed a scheme to create Model Village in an area in sundarban(WB).

• he organized one village of this type & set up one cooperative credit society which functioned up to 1916.

• In 1924 he organized a central cooperative bank and cooperative marketing society .

• In 1934 established a Rural Reconstruction Institute.• This institute provided training facility in cottage and

subsidiary industries.

Rural reconstruction work by CHRISTION missions.

• The three main activities of this missions were,

• 1) Education,

• 2) Medical service,

• 3) Rural Reconstruction.

• Education :- the aim of education their education system has been to impart education which is in harmony with the rural environment.

• Some Educational institutions run by the mission ,

2000 elementary schools, 325 high schools, 38 colleges

The educational objectives of mission:- • Character building.• Raising standard of general intelligence.• Spread of literacy.• Recreation. • Cultural activity.• Constructive employment.• In order to impart both theoretical & practical training to the

students & to equip them for life.• Even the colleges which were located in urban area were took

interest in village welfare work.• E.g. The Christian college, Lahore. Allahabad agriculture institute, Christian college Nagpur.

Medical Services :-

• There are many Mission Hospital spread throughout the country which have become effective centers for imparting training in medicine, nursing, midwifery, compounding.

• Many students after receiving training in these institution have established themselves in villages to carry out their work.

Rural Reconstruction by Christian Mission

• Several AGRICULTURRAL demonstration centers at Marthandam,

Ramanathpuram,

Patanchery.

other Y.M.C.A & Y.W.C.A institutions have been doing useful work in rural areas.

Marthandam Project, 1921

• Dr. Spencer Hatch was the pioneer of this work.• It was intended to symbolize the three fold

development of Sprit, Mind & Body and evolved a five sided programme representing a development in SPIRITUAL, MENTAL, PHYSICAL, ECONOMIC & SOCIAL aspect.

• The essential technique of the center was self-help with intimate expert counsel.

• at Marthandam about 100 villages were covered through Y.M.C.A,.

Extension activities in Marthandam project,• Keeping superior Bulls and Bucks for breeding.

• Demonstration of honey bee hives, and plot with vegetable crops and improved grains.

• The main emphasis of this project was Self Help & Cooperation.

• Most successful projects was the EGG selling club and Honey club.

• By 1939 egg selling cooperative body become self governing body.

• Honey club :- villagers was taught the use of modern bee-hives, extracted scientifically marketed cooperatively.

Gandhian Constructive Programme:-

• MAHATHMA GANDHI the great social & economic reformer of India. He made people knew that India lives in village & that the common man’s uplift is the uplift of the country.

• “If the village perishes India will perish too. India will be no more India, her own mission in world will be lost”.

• Regarding development work in country he emphasized The Salvation of India lies in Cottages.

• The key words for his economy were “Decentralized production & equal distribution of wealth.

Self sufficiency of Indian villages.

• For development of village MG formulated an 18 point programme which includes “Promotion of village industries, Basic & adult education, Rural sanitation, Uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women, Education in public health & hygiene, Propagation of national language, Love for the mother tongue, economic equality, Organization of kissans labours & students.

Etawah pilot project, 1947• Lt.Col.Albert Mayor started this project in 1947 but

came to action in 1948 September at Mahewa village in Etawah(UP).

• First 64 villages then increased to 97 villages.• Objective : to see what degree of production & social

improvement, initiative & cooperation could be obtained from agriculture area,

• The pilot programme includes instruction of improved agriculture and animal husbandry practices, public health education. Cattle diseases like RP and HS were controlled,

Adarsh Sewa Sangh,

• This plan of rural reconstruction was put into operation in 232 villages falling in Jagirdari of Col.Shitole.

• Aim : to increase per capita income of villagers.

• Establishes “village reconstruction society in each village”

• Important works were: demonstration of compost making, deep ploughing, improved breeding & management of cattle.

• Released monthly journal RURAL INDIA.

INDIAN VILLAGESERVICE (IVC), 1945

• Founders: Mr.Arther.T.Mosher & B.N.Gupta.

• Objective: assist village people to realize the best in their own villages by developing individuals, volunteer leaders & local agencies for enabling them to be effective in helping themselves & others,

• The adapted techniques of this service were : personal contact, informal group discussion, use of volunteers, demonstration s, tour , trips, drama, books and periodicals.

Sarvodaya Programme

• it was Gandhian concept & evoked great enthusiasm in in BOMBAY state.

• Main features were:

simplicity, non-violence, sanctity of labour & reconstruction of human values.

• Aims: standard living , social development, promotion of cottage, literacy. Medical and health , village panchayath development.

Nilokheri Experiment

• Originally started to rehabilitate 7000 displaced persons from Pakistan & later integrated with 100 surrounding villages .

• The center figure of this project was S.K.DAY.

• this scheme was also called as “mazdoor manzil”

• It was aimed at self sufficiency for rural cum urban township in all essential requirement of life. The colony had agriculture farm, dairy & poultry farm, garment factory, etc.

Extension Approaches in USA

• About 200 years ago nearly 75% of the population of the USA depends on the agriculture, as situation at present in India . From the Extension work the growth rate is very high in in USA compared to India.

• In USA b/w 1910-1955 good growth occurred in agriculture by implementing new technology in agriculture.

• So increased in the out put from farm increases their income and standard of living of the farmers, increased purchasing power and this gave rise to INDUSTRIALIZATION.

• Industries gave higher profitable employment so the farmers shifted towards industries.

• in 1950-1970 only 7% population depend on agriculture.

• In USA extension service is called as COOPERATIVE EXTENSION & HOME ECONOMIC SERVICE.

• It ties together the local people or county govt, the state through its college of agriculture {LAND GRANT COLLEGE}

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES WERE BY,

• COUNTY AGENT

• LOCAL LEADERS

• HIME ECONOMIC AGENT

• 4-H CLUB.

• 4-H club, head heart, hands, health.

• Organization set up

Creed , pledge, motto