Ethnocentrism, Globalization, and Global Citizenship

Ethnocentrism,

Globalization, and Global

Citizenship

Salzburg Global Seminar 1

Mapping Ethnocentrism


Key Concepts

�Culture

�Ethnocentrism


Ethnocentrism

�World Maps?

Culture

� Not “High Culture” but …

� "the total way of life of a people” (Kluckhohn, 1944)

� “The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the


customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another” (Bates & Plog, 1990)� Beliefs; worldviews; traditions; practices;

artifacts; long-term political and economic structures; mentality

Ethnocentrism

� Ethnos – group of people who identify with each other through shared culture

� Centrism – at the center

� Notion that one’s own ethnic group is


� Notion that one’s own ethnic group is centrally important – seeing the world from that perspective

Why World Maps?

�People forget maps are maps

�We grow up seeing and believing inworld maps

�World maps are cultural artifacts that


�World maps are cultural artifacts that differ as cultures differ

�Example of visible ethnocentrism

USA, Mercator Projection


West Europe


USSR / Russia


Australia (“DOWN-UNDER MAP”)


People’s Republic of China


� Where do I stand in the world?

� How do I see others and myself?

� How do others see me?

� Why does it matter?


� Why does it matter? � Cultural relativism

� Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Successfully functioning in society with its diverse values, traditions and lifestyles

requires us ‘to have a relationship to our own reactions rather than to be captive of them.


of them. To resist our tendencies to make right and true that which is merely familiar, and wrong and false that which is only strange.”

Robert Kegan – quoted from Matthew Taylor, “21st

Century Enlightenment,” Royal Society of Arts Animate

Mapping Globalization


Globalization I

� Cliché, buzzword, catch-all

� Name for the times in which we live, but what is new/different now?

� Interconnectedness


� Interconnectedness

� The World is Flat?

� Or sharp asymmetries in terms of power leverage & distribution of wealth?

� Or both?

Land Area


All World Mapper images availabe at www.worldmapper.org© Copyright SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan).

Population


Population Growth


Declining Population


Wealth (Purchasing Power)


Living on Less than $1 per Day


Toys Imports


Toys Exports


Arms Exports


War Deaths


Globalization Defined (?)

“the growing interdependencies of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, and of international


and services, and of international capital flows; and also through the rapid and widespread diffusion of all kinds of technology.”

- IMF Definition

But Which Globalization?

Market vs. social justice

(money) (people)


(money) (people)

What Globalization� Homogenization

� Hybridization

� Superdiversity


� Superdiversity

Homogenization


Hybridization


Domino’s new “American Classic Cheeseburger Pizza” Junk Food News

Prosciutto e Melone Pizza

At the Via Napoli Pizzeria and Ristorante in the Italy Pavilion World Showcase at EPCOT

Hybridization


Hybridization


Muchati Kudiiko? --Mbira DzeNharira

Hybridization

Todii



How big is the Internet?~1.3 billion IP addresses (as of December 2012)

http://internetcensus2012.bitbucket.org/paper.html

(note: each IP address can connect to multiple computers)


Southern Hemisphere Offline?Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA


Visualizing Facebook Connections



The examples and perspectives inthis article deal primarily with the

United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please


worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.

[wikipedia]

The World According to Flushing


Globalization II

“(G)lobalization is a set of processes by which more people become connected in more and different ways across ever greater


different ways across ever greater distances.”

Frank J. Lechner, John Boli (eds),

The Globalization Reader (2009)

GLOBAL INTERACTION

WORLD-WIDE INTERCONNECTEDNESS

travel / investment / finance

EXTENSITY

Stretching across political frontiers, regions, continents

IMPACT

Deepening

VELOCITY

Speeding up the


travel / investment / finance

migration / culture / informationDeepening

local developments, global consequences

Speeding up the diffusion of ideas, goods, information, people, capital

INTENSITY

Growing strength of interconnectedness

EXTENSITYIndonesia: one of the world‘s largest suppliers

of int‘l frog leg trade – export into more than 150 countries

IMPACTGrowth in foreign trade ↔depletion of local

VELOCITY~900% increase of frog leg


trade ↔depletion of local frog population �� explosion of insects and parasites �� use of pestizides

of frog leg production by Indonesia since 1970‘s

INTENSITYEU imports annually ~4.5 million kg frog legs (10m lbs / 200m frogs) mainly from

Indonesia – value: ~€27m/$38m


Catalogued Space Debris (ESA)



Globalization II

“(G)lobalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social inter-dependence and


social inter-dependence and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.”

Manfred Steger (ed), Rethinking Globalism (2004)


From: Steffen et al. 2004


From: Steffen et al. 2004


World 7,165,365,15218:12 CET, Jul 15, 2013


United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000

“We believe that the central challenge we face today is to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s people. For while


for all the world’s people. For while globalization offers great opportunities, at present its benefits are very unevenly shared, while its costs are unevenly distributed.”

Chaos or Community?

”We have inherited a large house, a great “world house” in which we have to live together—black and white, Easterner and Westerner, Gentile and Jew, Catholic and Protestant, Moslem and Hindu—a family


Protestant, Moslem and Hindu—a family unduly separated by ideas, culture and interest, who, because we can never again live apart, must learn somehow to live with each other in peace… we cannot ignore the larger world house in which we are also dwellers.”

Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston 1967)

GLOBAL [MEDIA] LITERACY ?

GLOBAL

MEDIA

LITERACY

A. Global media �� literacy ?

B. Media literacy �� global ?

C. Global literacy �� media ?


Global Citizenship

normative empirical / factual aspirational

values/norms/dutiespersonal responsibilities

being member of aworld community

close the gap btwnorms & reality /

‘improve the world’


‘improve the world’

transnational institutions / ‘spaces’

moral dimension/respect

action to strengthenglobal community/institutions/legal frameworks etc

“I / we should…” “We are…” “We can / ought to…”

Visualizing Facebook Connections


Facebook

A Global Virtual community?

1 billion active users

More than:

405 billion minutes/month on Facebook405 billion minutes/month on Facebook

281 million days/month

77,000 years /month

11,000 lifetimes/month


www.worldvaluessurvey.org.

The World Value Survey Cultural Map 2005-2008


Five major components

of a global education

1. Perspective consciousness

2. “State of the Planet” awareness

3. Cross-cultural awareness 3. Cross-cultural awareness

4. Knowledge of global dynamics

5. Awareness of human choices

(Robert G. Hanvey, An Attainable Global Perspective)


1. Perspective consciousness

Students need to understand that their view is

not shared universally. They must develop

the ability to see the world through the

perspective of others.

(…)(…)

5. Awareness of human choices

Students need to understand the

responsibilities, realize the choices facing

individuals, and nations, and learn how to act

as world citizens.Salzburg Global Seminar 60

Education

Ethnocentrism, Globalization, and Global Citizenship