Upload
anastasia-wolfsgruber
View
175
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Perception of youth in Macao over intergenerational transfer of family value and tradition post 1999
Citation preview
Anastasia A. Lijadi Doctoral Candidate, Department of Psychology Faculty of Social Science - University of Macau
Ethnic Estrangement and Social Mobility in Macao:
Perspective of Youth on
Intergenerational Transfer of Ritual and Tradition
Focus Group Thematic analysis N=28 Age 18-25 Macao citizen
2
Ethnic groups in Macao are socially separated from one another, due to: socio-economic history, culture and education level (Hao, 2005; Neto, Furham & Paz, 2007)
IS “THE WALL” STILL EXIST IN MACAO?
Courtesy from Macao Antigo 3
MACAO: BEFORE 1999
Courtesy from Macao Antigo 4
MACAO: BEFORE 1999
5
MACAO: HANDOVER 1999
Courtesy from Macao Antigo 6
MACAO NOW
7
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN MACAO
Period 2001 2011 Size (pre-colonial 2.78 km2)
21.3 km2 29.7 km2 ( 30%)
Population 435,235 94.9% Chinese 2% Portuguese 3.1% Others
552,503 ( 25%) 92% Chinese 0.9% Portuguese 6.8% Others ( 100%)
GDP US$ 6,514 billion US$ 36.43 billion ( 500%)
Education Literacy: 91.3% Illiteracy: 8.7%
Literacy: 95.6% Illiteracy: 4.4%
Gender Ratio 91.2
107.5
CHINESE Macao/Hong Kong
born Traditional; Confucian Newly immigrated
Chinese One country two
systems approach: lift-up the social status of Chinese
Strong sense of belonging to Macao
8
PROFILE OF MACAO CITIZEN
PORTUGUESE
Macau is my home ; Take part in
preserve / promote Macao culture.
Newly immigrated Portuguese
I am not sure how long I will stay in Macau;
Enjoy the rapid development of Macau
Developing Macau as Place identity
MACANESE Who is Macanese
(De Pina-Cabral , 2002)
1987-1999: immigrated overseas, less role in government
Increasing number of intermarriage with Chinese
More Chinese culture was adopted
Patua become extinct
Where do I belong?
The fundamental mechanisms resulting to either continuity or change in human culture (Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981).
A process allowing for the recognition of the modalities that situate a human being in relation to the generations that preceded that individual's birth (vertical transfer), based on life-span theory from Erikson, and intra-generation (horizontal transfer) between generations ( Vanderven 2011)
9
INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER
Ambiguous identity Ethnic estrangement Social mobility (language, education, career) Social relationships (commitment) Religion 10
WHAT ARE BEING TRANSFERRED?
3000: The number of characters you will have to learn to read the basics Cantonese in a newspaper and the streets signs in Macao
Chinese Portuguese Macanese
• Macao citizen • Ingenuous, trusting to
government’s effort in developing Macao • Challenge the policy on
increasing immigrant workers from mainland China • Seek to maintain harmony
in Macao • Posses Portuguese travel
document enabling wider opportunity for education and career
• Portuguese Macao • Actively take part and
conscious on happenings and new laws in Macao • Orientalized Portuguese
Integration to Macao, while maintain own culture • Experience culture
shock when go to study in Portugal • Less than 1%
• Macanese Identity • What will happen to
Macao? • Aware of the needs to
preserving Macao heritage, i.e., Patua creole language, art and traditions • Less than 1%
11
YOUTH IN MACAO: WHO AM I?
• Social discourse in Macao is split by ethnic group: • Dominant population interact among and speak
Cantonese • Less population speak Portuguese and Macanese (~1%) • English has become intermediaries language (ironically
used in either: high level executive, foreign affairs, tertiary education; or: non skilled labor i.e., domestic helpers)
• Tourism and gambling industry are geared towards Putonghua friendly environment
• Digital communication change the speed and nature of social discourse, into snapshot, less impromptu or holistic experience.
12
ETHNIC ESTRANGEMENT
Chinese Portuguese Macanese Language • Cantonese language
function as cultural identity • Almost no effort to learn
Portuguese
• Portuguese language function genetic inheritance • Cantonese or
Putonghua?
• Portuguese and Cantonese language function as genetic inheritance
• English language function as bridge in the society & future opportunity
Education • Chinese curriculum, memory driven • Obedient • individual oriented
achievement
• Western curriculum, stimulate group discussion, problem solving and team work • Balanced academic achievement, as well as
physical education (sport), arts and individual interest. • Multicultural classroom approach
Career • Short-term goal • Parent advise on
governmental job • Tourism & casino-related
career
• Macao offers better career opportunity than Portugal • Government • Indirectly or non-casino related career
13
SOCIAL MOBILITY
Chinese Portuguese Macanese Commitment • Retained traditional
Chinese • Sense of belonging
within Chinese, other ethnic groups are considered foreigner. • Grandparents help
raising children • To continue family
name • Raise concern of
quality of marriage
• Harmony • Open minded • Social circle among
Portuguese • Children raised by
domestic helpers • Raise concern of
quality of marriage
• Fatigue: Continuous effort to adapt due to intermarriage • Very small social circle
within Macanese community • Children raised by
domestic helpers • Mix use of Portuguese,
English and /or Cantonese at home
Religion • No Religion • More Individualistic • Hedonistic goals
• Catholicism or Christianity, following parents.
• Catholic by marriage or name only
14
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
1. Rapid change in Macao cause ambiguous identity for the citizen. 2. In behavior towards split society in Macao, tension caused by
immigrant workers, shift in language proficiency; Macao need to be cautious to avoid socio-economic tension and in-equality.
3. In motivation for social mobility transfer: revisit the current Chinese education system in local schools, as well as opening non-gambling related career opportunity should be the agenda of the next decade in Macao.
4. In addressing social relationships transfer; the youth are vulnerable and showing “excessively” sense of acceptance with all changes, entranced by digital communication, and less believe in marriage.
5. Decrease in a number of religious followers; hedonism seeking behavior. 15
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS