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Purpose
ARGUMENTATIVE• Used to persuade the
reader that your opinion is correct
• Opinion is clearly stated, rather than appearing neutral.
3 Questions
What real-world
examples can I use to support
my thesis statement?
What expertsin the field
might agreewith me?
3 Questions
What real-world
examples can I use to support
my thesis statement?
What expertsin the field
might agreewith me?
How can I address and refute the
opposition’s claims?
Introduction
which is clearly stated in a thesis statement of
1-3sentences
Leads the reader to your
opinionon the topic,
Paragraph
1
Your claimis your
your position or stand on the issue
What view you want your readers to
accept
What action you want your readers to
take
Body
Discusses the ways in which external sources (eg. studies, news articles, journals, interviews, etc.)
are evidencethat support your thesis statement.
Paragraph
2
Paragraph
3
Paragraph
4
Body
Discusses the ways in which external sources (eg. studies, news articles, journals, interviews, etc.)
are evidencethat support your thesis statement.
Refutesopposing arguments, saying why counterarguments are incorrect.
Paragraph
2
Paragraph
3
Paragraph
4
Credibility
depends on
Relevant to the topic
Provided by a credible source (an
expert in the field)
Reputable(i.e.available contact information, up-to-
date source etc.)
Rebuttal
Refutes differing
viewpoints with logical
evidence and reasons
Uses the opposition’s reasons to win your own argument (i.e.
find areas of weakness or
irrational logicin their argument to
strengthen your own)
Rebuttal
Refutes differing
viewpoints with logical
evidence and reasons
Uses the opposition’s reasons to win your own argument (i.e.
find areas of weakness or
irrational logicin their argument to
strengthen your own)
Let them see your side
Appealto Audience
Ethos–
Credibility
Pathos–
Emotions
Logos–
Logic
Aristotle developed
these 3 appeals to
audience which are often used in arguments.
Ethos
Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.
Ethos
Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.
Ethos is built through honesty.
Pathos
Pathos (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is often associated with emotionalappeal.
Pathos pulls on the heartstrings of your audience to take action.
LogosLogos (Greek for 'word') refers to the message internal consistency
• clarity of the claim• logic of its reasons • effectiveness of its
supporting evidence
LogosLogos (Greek for 'word') refers to the message internal consistency
• clarity of the claim• logic of its reasons • effectiveness of its
supporting evidence
Logos refers to the logic.
Conclusion
Restates overall
argumentand gives a sense of closure.
Do
not introduce a new argument.
Paragraph
5
Remember
1It is not enough to simply state whether you agree/ disagree with the author or speaker. Instead, you must clearly articulate why you agree/ disagree.
Remember
1It is not enough to simply state whether you agree/ disagree with the author or speaker. Instead, you must clearly articulate why you agree/ disagree.
2Always provide evidencefrom valid external sources (newspaper articles, studies, interviews, statistics, etc.) to support your thesis.
Checklist
• Be clear• Be focused• Take a position
Thesis Statement
• Support thesis statement using external sources (newspaper articles, interviews, studies, statistics, etc.)
• Clearly explain how these external sources support your thesis statement
• Refute counterarguments
Body Paragraphs
Checklist
• Be clear• Be focused• Take a position
Thesis Statement
• Support thesis statement using external sources (newspaper articles, interviews, studies, statistics, etc.)
• Clearly explain how these external sources support your thesis statement
• Refute counterarguments
Body Paragraphs
• Free of spelling, and grammar errors• Avoid first person narration• Overall paper is not expository
• Does not extensively summarise the text or speech• Does not repeat what the author or speaker has already
stated• Does not just compare and contrast
General
Created by
Goh Bang Rui
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