Energy Auditing in College Campus

ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE

CAMPUS

A Main Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

By

BINOY P B

(APAMEEE003)

SRUTHI C K

(APAMEEE004)

RADHIKA A

(APAMEEE014)

SANJUSH S

(APAMEEE017)

SUJINI M

(APAMEEE019)

Pursued in

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PALAKKAD


PALAKKAD (Affiliated to Calicut University)

APRIL 2016


PALAKKAD-678592, KERALA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the Main-Project entitled

“ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE CAMPUS” submitted by Sanjush S to

Aryanet Institute of Technology Palakkad, in partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering under

University of Calicut.

Guided by Staff in Charge Head of Department

External Guide:

Narendran Mannazhi Kavitha Chand B Dr. B Sitalekshmi Amma

Director Administrator Asst Professor Professor & Head

AIT Palakkad Dept of EEE Dept of EEE

Internal Guide:

Sreejith K

Asst Professor

Dept of EEE

Sanju

Approved

Sanju

Approved

Sanju

Sticky Note

Accepted set by Sanju

Sanju

Approved

Sanju

Approved

Sanju

Accepted

Sanju

Accepted

Sanju

Accepted

Sanju

Accepted

Sanju

Accepted

Dept of EEE ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE CAMPUS

AIT PALAKKAD i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We take this opportunity to thank our project guide Mr.Narendran Mannazhi, Director

Administrator, AIT Palakkad and Mr.Sreejith K, Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE for their

valuable guidance and encouragement which has been absolutely helpful in the successful

completion of this project.

We would also like to thank our Staff-in-charge, Ms.Kavitha Chand B, Assistant

Professor, Dept of EEE for her valuable suggestions and support throughout.

We wish to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. B Sitalekshmi Amma, Professor and

Head of Department for her patience and encouragement.

We are indebted to Dr. M.R. Vikraman, Principal AIT Palakkad for his wholehearted

support for the completion of this project.

We are also grateful to our Parents, Faculty members, Friends and all our well-

wishers for their timely aid without which we wouldn’t be able to finish our project

successfully.

Last but not least; we would like to thank God Almighty for his blessings which made

us confident throughout the project.

PROJECT TEAM

BINOY P B

SRUTHI C K

RADHIKA A

SANJUSH S

SUJINI M


AIT PALAKKAD ii

ABSTRACT

An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy

conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the

system without negatively affecting the output(s).When the object of study is an occupied

building then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving human

comfort, health and safety are of primary concern. Beyond simply identifying the sources

of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to

least cost effective opportunities for energy savings.

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of

energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to

identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete

functions. Energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy

management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,

throughout the organization.

Through this project we can prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least

cost effective opportunities for energy savings in our college campus.


AIT PALAKKAD iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

ABBREVIATIONS / NOMENCLATURE ix

CHAPTERS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Need for Energy Audit 2

1.3. Audit Methods 2

1.3.1. Preliminary Audit Methodology 2

1.3.2. Detailed Audit Methodology 3

2. INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE ENERGY AUDIT 4

2.1. Introduction 4

2.2. Electrical Measuring Instrument 4

2.3. Lux Meters 4

2.4. Power Factor Meter 5

2.5. Energy Meter 5

3. SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION DETAILS 7

3.1. Supply Details 7

3.2. Consumption Details 7


AIT PALAKKAD iv

4. LOAD DETAILS 9

4.1. Main Block 9

4.2. Seminar Hall Block 10

4.3. Canteen 11

4.4. Fluid Lab 11

4.5. Civil Workshop 12

4.6. Mechanical Lab 13

4.7. Pump Room 13

5. SANKEY DIAGRAM 14

6. ENERGY STARS AND LABELLING 15

6.1. Introduction 15

6.2. Energy Labels 15

6.3. Types of Labels 16

6.3.1. Endorsement labels 16

6.3.2. Comparative labels 17

6.3.3. Informative labels 17

6.4. Comparison of Energy Stars 18

6.5. Star Rating of Building 19

7. DESIGNS FOR ENERGY SAVINGS 20

7.1. Illumination 20

7.1.1. Lux 21

7.1.2. Lumens 21

7.1.3. Coefficient of Utilization 21

7.1.4. Maintenance factor 21

7.2. Calculation of Illumination on Seminar Hall 22

7.3. Replacing whole Tubes on the Campus by LED’s 24

7.4. Energy Savings by Automatic Controlled Fans 26


AIT PALAKKAD v

7.5. Energy Savings on Water Coolers 27

7.6. Energy Savings on Computers 28

7.7. Energy Savings on Photocopier 30

8. POWER FACTOR CALCULATION 31

8.1. Introduction 31

8.2. Disadvantages of Low Power Factor 32

8.2.1. Large Line Losses 32

8.2.2. Large kVA Rating and Size of Electrical Equipments 32

8.2.3. Greater Conductor Size and Cost 33

8.2.4. Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop 33

8.2.5. Low Efficiency 33

8.2.6. Penalty for Low Power factor 33

8.3. Causes of Low Power Factor 33

8.4. Methods for Power Factor Improvement 34

8.4.1. Static Capacitor 34

8.4.2. Synchronous Condenser 36

8.4.3. Phase Advancer 37

8.4.4. Power Factor Improvement in 1ϕ and 3ϕ Connections 38

8.5. Selection of Capacitors 38

9. TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION 40

9.1. Thermal Utilities 40

9.1.1. Boilers 40

9.1.2. Steam Systems 41

9.1.3. Furnaces 42

9.1.4. Insulation 42

9.1.5. Waste Heat Recovery 43

9.2. Electrical Utilities 43


AIT PALAKKAD vi

9.2.1. Electrical Distribution System 43

9.2.2. Motors 44

9.2.3. Drives 44

9.2.4. Fans 44

9.2.5. Blowers 45

9.2.6. Pumps 45

9.2.7. Compressors 46

9.2.8. Compressed Air 46

9.2.9. Chillers 47

9.2.10. HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning) 48

9.2.11. Refrigeration 50

9.2.12. Lighting 51

9.2.13. DG Sets 52

10. RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS 53

11. CONCLUSIONS 56

REFERENCES 57


AIT PALAKKAD vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 Lux Meter 4

2.2 Power Factor Meter 5

2.3 Constructional diagram of PF Meter 5

2.4 Energy Meter 6

2.5 Constructional diagram of Energy Meter 6

3.1 Yearly Consumption Graph 7

5.1 Sankey Diagram 14

6.1 Energy Labels 15

6.2 Endorsement Labels 16

6.3 Comparative Labels 17

6.4 Informative Labels 18

6.5 Star Ratings of Refrigerators 18

6.6 Star Ratings of AC’s 19

8.1 Power Triangle 31

8.2 a) Inductive Load 35

b) Capacitor parallel 35

8.3 Phasor Diagram 35

8.4 Capacitor bank in parallel with load (Delta connected) 38

8.5 Capacitor bank in parallel with load (Star connected) 38


AIT PALAKKAD viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

4.1 Load Details of Main Block 9

4.2 Load Details of Seminar Hall Block 10

4.3 Load Details of Canteen 11

4.4 Load Details of Mechanical Lab 11

4.5 Load Details of Civil Workshop 12

4.6 Load Details of Fluid Lab 13

6.1 Star Ratings of Building 19

7.1 Lux Calculation 22

8.1 Multipliers to Determine Capacitor kVAR

requirements for power factor correction 39


AIT PALAKKAD ix

ABBREVIATIONS / NOMENCLATURE

The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.

AC Air Conditioner

BAS Building Automation System

BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

DG Diesel Generator

ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code

EER Energy Efficiency Rating

EMF Electro Motive Force

EMS Energy Management System

EPI Energy Performance Intensity

HP Horse Power

HVAC Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning

KSEB Kerala State Electricity Board

KVA Kilo Volt Ampere

KVAR Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive

KW Kilo Watt

LAN Local Area Network

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

mm Millimetre

MW Mega Watt

PF Power Factor

SEB State Electricity Board

UF Utilisation Factor


AIT PALAKKAD x

Chemical nomenclature used in the report are shown below.

O2 Oxygen

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CO Carbon monoxide


AIT PALAKKAD 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Energy Audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy

conservation in a building or system to reduce the amount of energy input to the system

without negatively affecting the output.

As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as “the

verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical

report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis

and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

It is an effective and concrete method to achieve rapid improvement in energy

efficiency in buildings and industrial process. First step in identifying opportunities to reduce

energy expense.Which is a Systematic procedure includes some steps. Energy auditing is also

called as Energy assessment, Energy survey etc…

The objectives are

To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality

To minimise environmental effects.

The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy

consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit provides a

“bench-mark” for managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for

planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization.


AIT PALAKKAD 2

1.2 Need for Energy Audit

In an organization like Engineering College, one of the top operating expense is often

found to be electrical energy. In most assessments of the manageability of the cost or potential

cost savings in the above component, would invariably emerge as a top priority, and thus

energy Audit. Energy constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. A well done energy

audit will always help owners to understand more about the ways energy is used in their

organizations, and help to identify areas where waste can occur and where scope for

improvement exists. The energy audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost

reduction, preventive maintenance, and quality control programs which are vital for

production and utility activities. Such an audit program will help to keep focus on variations

that occur in the energy costs, availability, and reliability of supply of energy, help decide on

the appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy

conservation equipment, etc. In general, the energy audit is the translation of conservation

ideas and hopes into reality, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other

organizational considerations within a specified time frame. The primary objective of the

energy audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or

to lower operating costs. The energy audit provides a benchmark, or reference point, for

managing and assessing energy use across the organization and provides the basis for

ensuring more effective use of energy.

1.3 Audit Methods

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.

i) Preliminary Audit

ii) Detailed Audit

1.3.1 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

Establish energy consumption in the organization


AIT PALAKKAD 3

Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement

Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

1.3.2 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a

facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems.

This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It

considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major

equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on an

inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and

calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase

Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase


AIT PALAKKAD 4

CHAPTER 2

INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE ENERGY AUDIT

2.1 Introduction

The requirement for an energy audit such as identification and quantification of energy

necessitates various measurements; these measurements require the use of instruments. These

instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and relatively inexpensive. The

parameters generally monitored during the energy audit may include the following: Basic

Electrical Parameters in AC & DC systems – Voltage (V), Current (I), Power factor, Active

power (kW), Energy consumption (kWh), Harmonics, etc.

2.2 Electrical Measuring Instruments

These are instruments for measuring major electrical parameters such as, kW, PF,

Hertz, amps and volts. In addition some of these instruments also measure harmonics. These

instruments are applied on line, i.e., on running motors without stopping the motor.

Instantaneous measurements can be taken with hand held meters.

2.3 Lux Meters

Illumination levels are measured with a lux meter. It consists of a photo cell which

senses the light output, converts to electrical impulses which are calibrated as lux.

Fig 2.1: Lux meters


AIT PALAKKAD 5

2.4 Power Factor Meter

A power factor meter is a type of electrodynamometer movement when it is made with

two movable coils set at right angles to each other. The method of connection of this type of

power factor meter, in a 3 phase circuit. The two stationary coils, S and S1, are connected in

series in Phase B. Coils M and M1 are mounted on a common shaft, which is free to move

without restraint or control springs. These coils are connected with their series resistors from

Phase B to Phase A and from Phase B to Phase C. At a power factor of unity, one potential

coil current leads and one lags the current in Phase B by 30°; thus, the coils are balanced in

the position shown in Figure 2.2. A change in power factor will cause the current of one

potential coil to become more in phase and the other potential coil to be more out of phase

with the current in Phase B, so that the moving element and pointer take a new position of

balance to show the new power factor.

Fig 2.2 Power factor meter Fig 2.3 Constructional diagram of PF meter

2.5 Energy Meters

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that

measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically

powered device.

Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to measure electric

energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in

billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read

once each billing period.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utilities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hour


AIT PALAKKAD 6

When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure

demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric

rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak,

lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load

shedding during peak load periods.

Fig 2.4 Energy meter Fig 2.5 Constructional Diagram of

Energy Meter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_response


AIT PALAKKAD 7

CHAPTER 3

SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION DETAILS

3.1 Supply Details

In our college campus we have 11KV supply from Kerala State Electricity Board and

we Step-down the 11KV to 415V with the help of a Step-down transformer. Also we have a

415V Diesel Generator in the case of any interruption to the KSEB supply or power failure

occurs, Diesel Generator is used. In the control room we have capacitor compensation of

100kVr is used for improving power factor, also we have relays, breakers, fuses etc are used

for protections.

3.2 Consumption Details

Fig 3.1 Yearly Consumption Graph

The above graph shows the previous year (2015) energy consumption in KWh. The

average power factor is 0.92, average consumption for 2015 is 4000 KWh per month, average

energy cost per month will be Rs 25600/- and maximum demand is 26.58 KVA for a month.

39554368 4553

4107

3445 34223636 3771 3773

4338

5130 5162

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

KWh

Months

Consumption


AIT PALAKKAD 8

From the graph we known that at the month of December more energy is consumed it is

because of the construction and painting works going on. At the month of July energy

consumption is very low it is because of the exams and semester leave for students so less

amount of power is consumed at month of July.

Energy charges as per Kerala State Electricity Board as follows:-

Normal time : ₹ 6.20 per KWh

Peak time : ₹ 9.30 per KWh

Off peak : ₹ 4.650 per KWh


AIT PALAKKAD 9

CHAPTER 4

LOAD DETAILS

Load calculation of the campus is done by dividing the whole campus into seven blocks as

follows:

1) Main block

2) Seminar hall block

3) Canteen

4) Fluid lab

5) Civil workshop

6) Mechanical lab

7) Pump room

4.1 Main Block

The below table shows the number of equipments and its total load connected on the

main block of the campus.

Table 4.1 Load details of Main block

Equipments Rating of

equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 440 1584

Fan 60 406 2436

Projector 165 3 4950

Computer 150 25 3750

Exhaust Fan 50 8 400


AIT PALAKKAD 10

Photostat machine 900 2 1800

Power socket 1000 21 21000

Ordinary socket 100 242 24200

Water cooler 200 2 400

TOTAL LOAD= 46.88KW

4.2 Seminar Hall Block


seminar hall block of the campus.

Table 4.2 Load details of Seminar hall block


equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 183 6588

Fan 60 145 8700

Computer 150 150 22500

Projector 165 1 165

Ordinary sockets 100 106 10600

Machine load in Electrical lab 64400

Machine load in Mechanical lab 23570

TOTAL LOAD= 136.7KW


AIT PALAKKAD 11

4.3 Canteen


canteen of the campus.

Table 4.3 Load details of canteen


equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 25 900

Fan 60 20 1200

Refrigerator 400 2 800

Freezer 900 1 900

Grinder 1500 1 1500

Mixer 750 1 750

TOTAL LOAD=6.05KW

4.4 Mechanical Lab


mechanical lab of the campus.

Table 4.4 Load details of mechanical lab


equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 19 684

Fan 60 6 360


AIT PALAKKAD 12


Total machine load 5340

TOTAL LOAD= 7.88KW

4.5 Civil Workshop


civil workshop of the campus.

Table 4.5 Load details of Civil Workshop


equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 48 1728

Fan 60 14 840


Power sockets 1000 6 6000

Total Machine load 8541

TOTAL LOAD= 19.4089KW


AIT PALAKKAD 13

4.6 Fluid Lab


fluid lab of the campus.

Table 4.6 Load details of Fluid lab


equipments (W)

Number of

equipments

Connected load (W)

Light 36 35 1260

Fan 60 11 660


Total Machine load 14730

TOTAL LOAD= 19.75KW

4.7 Pump Room

In the campus we have an 5HP i.e. 3.7285KW, 400V,3 phase , delta connected

induction motor connected with an compressor is available for water pumping.

Total connected load to the campus is 240.39 KW


AIT PALAKKAD 14

CHAPTER 5

SANKEY DIAGRAM

The Sankey diagram shows the load distribution in the whole college campus which is

divided by blocks. Each arrow represents each blocks and the width of the arrow shows the

amount of connected load in each blocks.

Fig 5.1 Sankey Diagram


AIT PALAKKAD 15

CHAPTER 6

ENERGY STARS AND LABELLING

6.1 Introduction

In the year 2006, India launched a comprehensive energy labelling program for

appliances under the framework of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. It was spearheaded

by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, and Government of India.

6.2 Energy Labels

Energy labels are informative labels affixed to manufactured domestic appliances that

enable consumers to compare the energy efficiency of the products. The labels carry

information on energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy cost, or combinations thereof

and help the consumers to make informed purchases that are most energy efficient.

Different countries have different labels depending on what they would like to

highlight. The following are energy labels of a few countries.

Fig 6.1 Energy labels


AIT PALAKKAD 16

Through these labels consumers become alert to energy use and costs of appliances

and equipment. It also enables the direct comparison of energy use or efficiency among

different models.

6.3 Types of Labels

Energy labels are classified into following types.

1. Endorsement labels

2. Comparative labels

3. Informative labels

6.3.1 Endorsement labels

When a product meets certain specified criteria it is given a “seal of approval” or

endorsed by the approving authority. This seal of approval is the endorsement label. The

purpose of endorsement labelling is to indicate clearly to the consumer that the labelled

product saves energy compared to other similar products in the category. The following are

some endorsement labels of some countries:

Fig 6.2 Endorsement labels

The Indian endorsement label - BEE STAR Version 1- is similar to the ENERGY

STAR version 5.2 of the USA. The ENERGY STAR is an international standard for

endorsement of energy efficient products. It was first created as a US government program

during the early 1990s, since then Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the

European Union have also adopted the program. Devices carrying the Energy Star label, such

as computer products and peripherals, kitchen appliances, buildings and other products,

generally use 20%–30% less energy than required by federal standards.


AIT PALAKKAD 17

In India this label is used for notebook computers/ laptops as the laptop computer

market is growing at a very fast pace. The desktop computers would be added to the

programme in due course.

6.3.2 Comparative Labels

These labels allow consumers to compare energy use among all available models in

order to make an informed choice. These labels could be either on discrete categories of

performance or on a continuous scale. The rankings are by scales, stars, shaded bars, and so

on.

Fig 6.3 Comparative labels

6.3.3 Informative labels:

These labels provide information on energy consumption, energy efficiency rating and

operating cost. It does not give any comparison to other models in the market. Usually

common customers find it a little difficult to understand and so it is very rarely used in

products.


AIT PALAKKAD 18

Fig 6.4 Informative labels

6.4 Comparison of Energy Stars

Energy consumption, Cost and Savings varies according to star ratings.

Fig 6.5 Star Ratings of Refrigerators


AIT PALAKKAD 19

Fig 6.6 Star Ratings of AC‟s

6.5 Star Rating of Building

The Star Rating Program for buildings is based on actual performance of the building

in terms of specific energy usage (kWh/sq.m/year). In our campus yearly consumption is

approx 49660KWh, having a build up area of 15000sq.m.

EPI= 49660KWh/15000sq.m/1year = 3.31, as per ECBC standards shown in the table give

below our campus is labelled as 5 star building.

Table 6.1Star Rating of Building

EPI (KWh/sq.m/year) Star Label

80-70 1 Star

70-60 2 Star

60-50 3 Star

50-40 4 Star

Below 40 5 Star


AIT PALAKKAD 20

CHAPTER 7

DESIGN FOR ENERGY SAVINGS

7.1 Illumination

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic

effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as

well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or

light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This

can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of

energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the

appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is

usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can

also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

To find number of light fittings „N‟

N =E ∗ A

O ∗ CU ∗MF

N: No of Light Fittings Needed

E: Required Illumination (lux)

A: Working Area (m2)

O: Luminous Flux Produced Per Lamp (Lumens)

CU: Coefficient of Utilization

MF: Maintenance Factor


AIT PALAKKAD 21

7.1.1Lux

The lux is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous

flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square metre. In photometry, this is used as a

measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a

surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at

each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model

of human visual brightness perception.

7.1.2 Lumens

The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total

quantity of visible light emitted by a source. Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux)

in that radiant flux includes all electromagnetic waves emitted, while luminous flux is

weighted according to a model of the human eye‟s sensitivity to various wavelengths. Lumens

are related to lux in that one lux is one lumen per square meter.

The lumen is defined in relation to the candela as

1 lm = 1 cd⋅sr.

7.1.3 Coefficient of Utilization

It is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens

emitted by a luminous source. It is an indication of the effect of the lighting equipment and

the interior combined in producing horizontal illuminance. For example UF of 0.3 means that

the lumen reaching horizontal plane is 30% of the lumens of the lamp operated bare under

standard conditions. The value of this factor varies widely and depends on the following

factors: Type of lighting system, whether direct, indirect etc, the type and mounting height of

fittings, the colour and surface of walls and ceiling to some extent the shape and dimensions

of the room.

7.1.4 Maintenance factor

It is the ratio of illuminance halfway through a cleaning cycle, to what the illuminance

would be if the installation was clean. This factor allows for the fact that the effective candle

power of all lamps or luminous sources deteriorates due to blackening and/ or accumulation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_emittance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_flux



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(optics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_function

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_flux

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steradian


AIT PALAKKAD 22

of dust or dirt on the globes and reflectors etc. Similarly walls and ceilings also do not reflect

as much light as when they are clean.

7.2 Calculation of Illumination on Seminar hall

From the seminar hall we have calculated the available illumination in lux with the

help of a lux meter which is shown in the below table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Lux calculation

When lights are OFF and windows are closed 20 lux

When all lights are ON and windows are closed 90 lux

When all lights are ON and windows are opened 150 lux

When all lights are OFF and windows are opened 95 lux

As per the BIS standards for School/College required lux for seminar halls are 150-200.

We have 16 tube lights each having 36 watts and lumens of 2100

Length of seminar hall=26.6m

Breadth of seminar hall= 9.8m

Area of seminar hall=260.68sq.m

a) In case of Tube lights

Cost : 400 per tube set (including tube) & 50rs per tube

Wattage : 42watt

Lumens : 2100

Life : 4000hrs

So, required no of tube lights (36w) for seminar hall having area of 260.68sq.m is

N = (150*260.68)/(2100*0.6*1) = 30 no‟s


AIT PALAKKAD 23

Required no of fittings: 30nos

Seminar hall is used 100hrs/month.

For 100hrs/month tube will withstand for minimum of 3 years, so we have to replace whole

tubes for every 3 years.

Total light load = 1260watts.

Consumption = 126KWhr per month.

For 126KWhr monthly charge will be Rs 780.

Annual energy consumption charge= Rs 9360.

Replacement cost = Rs 3000 per 3 years

Installation cost= 30*400= Rs 12000

So for 1st year approximately Rs 21,360 while using tube lights.

For 2nd

year Rs 21,360+Rs 9360= Rs 30,720 (i.e. previous year cost + this year consumption)

For 3rd

year Rs 30720 + Rs 9360 + Rs 3000= Rs 43,080 (i.e. previous year cost + this year

consumption + replacement cost)

b) In case of LED

Cost : 500Rs per led bulb

Wattage : 18watt

Lumens : 1800

Life : 50000hrs

So, required number of led lights (18W) for seminar hall having area of 260.68sq.m is

N = (150*260.68)/ (1800*0.6*1) = 34 nos.

Required number of fittings: 34 nos.

Seminar hall is used 100hrs/month.


AIT PALAKKAD 24

Total light load = 612watts

Consumption = 61.2 KWh per month

For 61.2KWhr monthly charges will be Rs 380 approximately.

Annual consumption charge will be Rs 4560

Installation cost = 500*34 = Rs 17000

So for 1st year approximately Rs 21560.

For 2nd

year total cost = Rs 21560 + Rs 4560 = Rs 26,120.

For 3rd

year total cost= Rs 26120+Rs 4560= Rs 30680.

As compared with tube lights initial cost of LED`s are high.

However by replacing tube lights with LED`s we can reduce the monthly consumption by

half.

We will get back profits after 1 year & 1 month.

7.3 Replacing whole Tubes on the Campus by LED’s

a) In case of fluorescent tubes

Total number of tube lights : 750

Wattage : 42watt

Lumens : 2100

Cost : 400 per Tube set (including tube) & 50 per tube light

Life : 4000hrs

Usage :5hrs a day for 5 days in a week

Total load : 42*750= 31.5KW

Monthly consumption= 3150KWh


AIT PALAKKAD 25

SEB‟s charge Rs 6.20 (approx) per Unit

Charge for monthly consumption is Rs 19,530

For a year, energy charges will be Rs 23,4360.

For every 3 years we have to replace all tube lights because of its life so its cost Rs 37500

Installation cost = 750*400= Rs 300,000.

So for 1st year total cost = Rs 534,360.

So for 2nd

year total cost = Rs 534360 + Rs 234360

=Rs 768720 (i.e., previous year cost + this year‟s consumption cost)

So for 3rd

year total cost= Rs 768720+Rs 234360+Rs 37500 = Rs 1,01,0580 (i.e. previous

year cost + this year consumption cost+ replacement cost)

b) By using LED’s

Wattage : 18watts

Lumens : 1800

Cost : 500Rs per led bulb

Life : 50000hrs

Usage : 100hrs per month

Total load : 18*750= 13.5KW

Monthly consumption= 1350KWh

Charge for monthly consumption= Rs 8370 (Rs 6.2 per unit)

Annual consumption charge= Rs 100440

Installation cost: 500*750= Rs 375,000.

For the 1st year total cost= Rs 475,440.

For 2nd

year total cost= Rs 475,440+ Rs 100440 = Rs 575,880


AIT PALAKKAD 26

For 3rd

year total cost= Rs 575,880+Rs 100440= Rs 676,320.

So by replacing tube lights with LED‟s we can reduce the monthly consumption by half.

We will get back profits after Approx 8 Months.

7.4 Energy Savings by Automatic Controlled Fans

a) Energy savings by controlled fans and conventionally controlled fans

= 60w x operating hours (per day per fan)

= 60W x 10 hours/day

= 600Wh/day/fan

Energy cost per day per fan= 0.6 x 6.20= Rs3.72/-

Cost of Energy consumption for 602 fans per day = Rs3.72x602

= Rs2240/-

Annual Cost of Energy consumption by regulator controlled fans

= Rs 2240 *288 days

= Rs 645120 ----- (1)

b) Automatic Controlled Fans Can Be Operating Based On User Requirement May Reduce

the Operating Time

We found that fans are running if it is not required also, so by automatic controlled fans we

can conserve 3hrs a day.

Let us operate the fans on need basis as remote control is available, it will reduce the

operating hours (Assume that the wattage is same) = 60W x 7 hr

= 420 Wh/day

= 0.42 kWh/day

= 0.42 x 6.2


AIT PALAKKAD 27

= RS 2.6/day

Annual Energy consumption by automatic controlled fan = 2.6x602x288

= Rs. 450777------------ (2)

Cost saving (1)-(2) = Rs 19,4343

Total cost of additional unit automatic operating switch = Rs.400 x602

= Rs240800

Payback period = 24,0800/19,4343

= Approx 1 year 2 month

7.5 Energy Saving on Water Cooler

Energy Saving By Replacing Water Cooler Operating Switch with Solar Operating Switch

a) Water Cooler: It uses temperature switch work on heater Uses the switch working on

temperature

Calculation:

If 1000 W Cooker consumes Electrical Power as long as the power is on then Energy

consumed for full day in the conventional type water cooler:

Energy consumption = Power rating of water cooler x operating hours

=1000 x 24= 24000 Wh = 24 kWh

Energy cost per day =24 x 6.2 =Rs150/-

Annual Energy cost = 150x365days =Rs 54750/------------ (1)

b) Replaced by Solar Switch Operating Cooler.

It uses a automated operating on solar radiations based on day hot condition


AIT PALAKKAD 28

If operating up to the sun hot with charging facility for 4 more hours during night between 8

A.M to 8 P.M = 12 hours.

If 1000 W Cooler consumes electrical power by solar operating automated switch then Energy

consumed for only day in the solar operating automated switch:

=1000 W x 12hrs = 12000 Wh = 12 kWh

Energy cost per day =12 x 6.2 =Rs75/-

Annual Energy cost =75x365days = Rs 27375 /---------- (2)

Cost saving due to energy saving (1)-(2) = 27375/-

Additional cost for providing solar switch = Rs3000/-

Payback period for providing solar switch = 3000/75 = 40days

7.6 Energy Savings on Computers

i) Energy Saving By Replacing Desktop LCD Monitor With Laptop

Computer with desktop LCD monitor

Each LCD monitor consumes of 150 Watt

Total number of computers is

Total Power consumption =175 x 150 =26250watts =26.25 kW

Total Energy consumption per day =26.25 x 8hours =210 kWh

Energy Cost/day =210 x 6.20 = Rs1302/-

Total Annual Energy Cost =Rs1302x288days =Rs374976----- (1)

LAPTOP power consumption =40 W

Power consumption by replacing all desktop LCD monitor with laptop

= 175computers x 40 watts each


AIT PALAKKAD 29

=7000 w =7000/1000 = 7kw

Energy consumption /day with 8 hours operating =7 x 8 = 56 kWh

Energy cost /day = 56 x 6.20 =Rs350/-

Energy cost per month =350 x 24 =Rs8400/-

Annual energy cost = 8400x12 = Rs 100800/---------- (2)

Cost Saving (1-2) = Rs374976-100800 =Rs 274176/------ (3)

Cost Of Computer =Rs 20000/- to 23000/-

Cost Of Laptop = Rs 30000/-to 40000/-

Extra Cost Of Replacement =Rs 7000/

System Replacing All = Rs 7000 X 175 =Rs 1225000/------ (4)

Payback period (4/3) = 4.4 year, i.e. 52 months

ii) Additional Energy Save by Keep on All Systems Only When It Is Used or Avoid Using the

System in Sleepy Mode

Keep all the system in sleep mode during non operating hours.

Let systems are used effectively for 6 hours a day.

The duration of average sleeping mode=2 hours/system

Thus the power consumed by systems during sleeping mode

=175 x 2 hrs (LCD monitor desktop) =350 hrs

Energy consumed by sleeping mode computer/day=52500Wh

Energy in kWh/day =52500/1000 =52.4 kWh

Cost /day =52.5 X6.20 =Rs325/-

Cost of Energy consumption/month =Rs325 x 24 day =Rs7800/-

Annual cost of energy = Rs7800/-x12months =Rs93600/-


AIT PALAKKAD 30

Rs 93600 will be loss in a year when we put computers on sleep mode

As we use the laptop based on the charged facility as well as practice to use only when

required by default the energy cost same will be added to the laptop facility.

7.7 Energy Saving on Photocopier

Energy saving by operating the photocopier machine only when required or avoiding using

machine in the sleepy mode

Which consume the energy as follows.

Power Consumption of Xerox M/C in Non Operating Mode = 1x100W

Energy Saving for Approximate Sleepy Mode Hours For 2hours In A Day =100W x 2hr/day

= 200Wh/Day

Energy in kWh = 200/1000 = 0.2kWh/day

Energy for a Month = 0.2kWh x 24days =4.8kWh =4.8

Units Monthly Energy Cost =4.8x 6.20 =Rs29.76/-

Annual Energy Cost Saving = Rs29.76x12 =Rs 357.92/-


AIT PALAKKAD 31

CHAPTER 8

POWER FACTOR CALCULATION

8.1 Introduction

In all industrial electrical distribution systems, the major loads are resistive and

inductive. Resistive loads are incandescent lighting and resistance heating. In case of pure

resistive loads, the voltage (V), current (I), resistance (R) relations are linearly related, i.e.

V = I x R and Power (kW) = V x I

Typical inductive loads are A.C. Motors, induction furnaces, transformers and ballast

type lighting. Inductive loads require two kinds of power: a) active (or working) power to

perform the work and b) reactive power to create and maintain electro-magnetic fields.

Active power is measured in kW (Kilo Watts). Reactive power is measured in KVAR (Kilo

Volt-Amperes Reactive). The vector sum of the active power and reactive power make up the

total (or apparent) power used. This is the power generated by the SEBs for the user to

perform a given amount of work. Total Power is measured in KVA (Kilo Volts-Amperes)

(See Figure 8.1).

Fig 8.1 Power triangle

The active power (shaft power required or true power required) in kW and the reactive

power required (KVAR) are 90° apart vertically in a pure inductive circuit i.e., reactive power


AIT PALAKKAD 32

KVAR lagging the active KW. The vector sum of the two is called the apparent power or

KVA, as illustrated above and the KVA reflects the actual electrical load on distribution

system. The ratio of KW to KVA is called the power factor, which is always less than or

equal to unity. Theoretically, when electric utilities supply power, if all loads have unity

power factor, maximum power can be transferred for the same distribution system capacity.

However, as the loads are inductive in nature, with the power factor ranging from 0.2 to 0.9,

the electrical distribution network is stressed for capacity at low power factors.

With help of a power factor meter we have calculated the power factor of a 5HP pump

used in campus and we have noticed that the power factor is 0.79 lag due to the inductive

load. Hence the pf is low due to low pf current will increase.

8.2 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor

Now, In case of Low Power Factor, Current will be increased, and this high current

will cause to the following disadvantages.

8.2.1 Large Line Losses (Copper Losses):

We know that Line Losses is directly proportional to the squire of Current “I2”

Power Loss = I2xR i.e., the larger the current, the greater the line losses i.e. I>>Line

Losses

In other words,

Power Loss = I2xR = 1/CosФ2 ….. Refer to Equation “I ∝ 1/CosФ”….… (1)

Thus, if Power factor = 0.8, then losses on this power factor =1/CosФ2 = 1/ 0.82 = 1.56

times will be greater than losses on Unity power factor.

8.2.2 Large kVA Rating and Size of Electrical Equipments:

As we know that almost all Electrical Machinery (Transformer, Alternator, Switchgears

etc) rated in kVA. But, it is clear from the following formula that Power factor is inversely

proportional to the kVA i.e.

CosФ = kW / kVA

Therefore, The Lower the Power factor, the larger the kVA rating of Machines also, the

larger the kVA rating of Machines, The larger the Size of Machines and The Larger the

size of Machines, The Larger the Cost of machines.

http://electricaltechnology.org/?p=75



AIT PALAKKAD 33

8.2.3 Greater Conductor Size and Cost:

In case of low power factor, current will be increased, thus, to transmit this high

current, we need the larger size of conductor. Also, the cost of large size of conductor will

be increased.

8.2.4 Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop:

Voltage Drop = V = IZ.

Now in case of Low Power factor, Current will be increased. So the Larger the

current, the Larger the Voltage Drop.

Also Voltage Regulation = V.R = (VNo Load – VFull Load)/ VFull Load

In case of Low Power Factor (lagging Power factor) there would be large voltage

drop which cause low voltage regulation. Therefore, keeping Voltage drop in the

particular limit, we need to install Extra regulation equipments i.e. Voltage regulators.

8.2.5 Low Efficiency:

In case of low Power Factor, there would be large voltage drop and large line

losses and this will cause the system or equipments efficiency too low. For instant, due to

low power factor, there would be large line losses; therefore, alternator needs high

excitation, thus, generation efficiency would be low.

8.2.6 Penalty for Low Power factor:

Electrical Power supply Company imposes a penalty of power factor below 0.95

lagging in Electric power bill. So you must improve Pf above 0.95.

8.3 Causes of Low Power Factor

The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit,

Current lags 90° from Voltage, this large difference of phase angle between current and

voltage causes zero power factors. Basically, all those circuit having Capacitance and

inductance (except resonance circuit (or Tune Circuit) where inductive reactance = capacitive

reactance (XL = Xc), so the circuit becomes a resistive circuit), power factor would be exist

over there because Capacitance and inductance causes in difference of phase angle (θ)

between current and voltage.




AIT PALAKKAD 34

Following are the causes of low Power factor:

Single phase and three phase induction Motors(Usually, Induction motor works at poor

power factor i.e. at:

Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9

Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3

No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).

Varying Load in Power System (As we know that load on power system is varying.

During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increase the magnetizing

current which cause the decreased power factor)

Industrial heating furnaces

Electrical discharge lamps (High intensity discharge lighting), Arc lamps (operate at

very low power factor).

Transformers

Harmonic Currents

8.4 Methods for Power Factor Improvement

The following devices and equipment are used for Power Factor Improvement.

1. Static Capacitor

2. Synchronous Condenser

3. Phase Advancer

8.4.1 Static Capacitor

We know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take

lagging current which decrease the system power factor. For Power factor improvement

purpose, Static capacitors are connected in parallel with those devices which work on low

power factor.

These static capacitors provide leading current which neutralize (totally or

approximately) the lagging inductive component of load current (i.e. leading component

neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load current) thus power factor of the load

circuit is improved.



AIT PALAKKAD 35

These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive load e.g. Induction motors

and transformers etc, and improve the load circuit power factor to improve the system or

devises efficiency.

Fig 8.2 a) Inductive load b) Capacitor parallel Fig 8.3 Phasor diagram

Suppose, here is a single phase inductive load which is taking lagging current (IL) and

the load power factor is Cosφ as shown in fig 8.2a.

In fig 8.2b, a Capacitor (C) has been connected in parallel with load. Now a current

(Ic) is flowing through Capacitor which lead 90° from the supply voltage ( Note that

Capacitor provides leading Current i.e., In a pure capacitive circuit, Current leading 90° from

the supply Voltage, in other words, Voltage are 90° lagging from Current). The load current

is (IL). The Vectors combination of (IL) and (Ic) is (I) which is lagging from voltage at φ2 as

shown in fig 8.3.

It can be seen from fig 3 that angle of φ2 < φ1 i.e. angle of φ2 is less than from angle of

φ2. Therefore Cosφ2 is less than from Cosφ1 (Cosφ2 > Cosφ1). Hence the load power factor is

improved by capacitor.

Also note that after the power factor improvement, the circuit current would be less

than from the low power factor circuit current. Also, before and after the power factor

improvement, the active component of current would be same in that circuit because capacitor

eliminates only the re-active component of current. Also, the Active power (in Watts) would

be same after and before power factor improvement.




AIT PALAKKAD 36

8.4.1.1Advantages:

Capacitor bank offers several advantages over other methods of power factor

improvement.

Losses are low in static capacitors

There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance

It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions)

Do not require a foundation for installation

They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed

8.4.1.2 Disadvantages:

The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)

With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitor bank, which causes

switching surges on the system

If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage it.

Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly.

8.4.2 Synchronous Condenser

When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-exited then it‟s called a

synchronous Condenser. Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides

leading current and works like a capacitor.

When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in parallel) then it

draws leading current and partially eliminates the re-active component and this way, power

factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power factor in

large industries.

8.4.2.1 Advantages

Long life (almost 25 years)

High Reliability

Step-less adjustment of power factor.

No generation of harmonics of maintenance

The faults can be removed easily


AIT PALAKKAD 37

It‟s not affected by harmonics.

Require Low maintenance (only periodic bearing greasing is necessary)

8.4.2.2 Disadvantages:

It is expensive (maintenance cost is also high) and therefore mostly used by large

power users.

An auxiliary device has to be used for this operation because synchronous motor has

no self starting torque

It produces noise

8.4.3 Phase Advancer

Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the

motor and operates with the motor‟s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase

advancer is used to improve the power factor of induction motor in industries.

As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of phase with

Voltage, therefore the power factor of induction motor is low. If the exciting ampere-turns are

excited by external AC source, then there would be no effect of exciting current on stator

windings. Therefore the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This process is

done by Phase advancer.

8.4.3.1 Advantages

Lagging kVAR (Reactive component of Power or reactive power) drawn by the motor

is sufficiently reduced because the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency

(fs).

The phase advancer can be easily used where the use of synchronous motors is

Unacceptable.

8.4.3.2 Disadvantage

Using Phase advancer is not economical for motors below 200 H.P. (about 150kW).


AIT PALAKKAD 38

8.4.4 Power Factor Improvement in 1ϕ and 3ϕ Connections

Power factor improvement in three phase system by connecting a capacitor bank in

1. Delta connection

2. Star Connection

Fig 8.4 Capacitor bank in parallel with 3phase load (Delta connected)

Fig 8.5 Capacitor bank in parallel with 3phase load (Star Connected)

8.5 Selection of Capacitors

The figures given in table are the multiplication factors which are to be multiplied

with the input power (kW) to give the kVAR of capacitance required to improve present

power factor to a new desired power factor.


AIT PALAKKAD 39

Table 8.1 Multipliers to determine capacitor kVAR requirements for power factor correction

The pump in the college campus is delta connected having power factor of .79 so by adding

capacitive bank of 0.447kvar in parallel with the pump to improve its power factor to 0.95.


AIT PALAKKAD 40

CHAPTER 9

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

The energy conserving methods are different for various utilities like thermal and

electrical equipments which depends on construction, operating conditions, maintenance etc.

The following are the tips for conserving energy in various areas in our college campus.

9.1 Thermal Utilities

9.1.1 Boilers

Preheat combustion air with waste heat (22 ºC reduction in flue gas temperature

increases boiler efficiency by 1%).

Use variable speed drives on large boiler combustion air fans with variable flows.

Burn wastes if permitted.

Insulate exposed heated oil tanks.

Clean burners, nozzles, strainers, etc.

Inspect oil heaters for proper oil temperature.

Close burner air and/or stack dampers when the burner is off to minimize heat loss up

the stack.

Improve oxygen trim control (e.g. -- limit excess air to less than 10% on clean fuels).

(5% reduction in excess air increases boiler efficiency by 1% or: 1% reduction of

residual oxygen in stack gas increases boiler efficiency by 1 %.)

Automate/optimize boiler blow down. Recover boiler blow down heat.

Use boiler blow down to help warm the back-up boiler.

Optimize deaerator venting.

Inspect door gaskets.

Inspect for scale and sediment on the water side (A 1 mm thick scale (deposit) on the

water side could increase fuel consumption by 5 to 8%).

Inspect for soot, fly ash, and slag on the fire side (A 3 mm thick soot deposition on the

heat transfer surface can cause an increase in fuel consumption to the tune of 2.5 %.)


AIT PALAKKAD 41

Optimize boiler water treatment.

Add an economizer to preheat boiler feed water using exhaust heat.

Recycle steam condensate.

Study part-load characteristics and cycling costs to determine the most-efficient mode

for operating multiple boilers.

Consider multiple or modular boiler units instead of one or two large boilers.

Establish a boiler efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and

follow-up, then make a boiler efficiency-maintenance program a part of your

continuous energy management program.

9.1.2 Steam System

Fix steam leaks and condensate leaks (A 3 mm diameter hole on a pipe line carrying 7

kg/cm2 steam would waste 33 kilo litres of fuel oil per year).

Accumulate work orders for repair of steam leaks that can't be fixed during the heating

season due to system shutdown requirements. Tag each such leak with a durable tag

with a good description.

Use back pressure steam turbines to produce lower steam pressures.

Use more-efficient steam de super heating methods.

Ensure process temperatures are correctly controlled.

Maintain lowest acceptable process steam pressures.

Reduce hot water wastage to drain.

Remove or blank off all redundant steam piping.

Ensure condensate is returned or re-used in the process (6 ºC raise in feed water

temperature by economiser/condensate recovery corresponds to a 1% saving in fuel

consumption, in boiler).

Preheat boiler feed-water.

Recover boiler blow down.

Check operation of steam traps.

Remove air from indirect steam using equipment (0.25 mm thick air film offers the

same resistance to heat transfer as a 330 mm thick copper wall.)

Inspect steam traps regularly and repair malfunctioning traps promptly.

Consider recovery of vent steam (e.g. -- on large flash tanks).

Use waste steam for water heating.


AIT PALAKKAD 42

Use an absorption chiller to condense exhaust steam before returning the condensate

to the boiler.

Use electric pumps instead of steam ejectors when cost benefits permit.

Establish a steam efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and

follow-up, then make a steam efficiency-maintenance program a part of your


9.1.3 Furnaces

Check against infiltration of air: Use doors or air curtains.

Monitor O2 /CO2/CO and control excess air to the optimum level.

Improve burner design, combustion control and instrumentation.

Ensure that the furnace combustion chamber is under slight positive pressure.

Use ceramic fibres in the case of batch operations.

Match the load to the furnace capacity.

Retrofit with heat recovery device.

Investigate cycle times and reduce.

Provide temperature controllers.

Ensure that flame does not touch the stock.

9.1.4 Insulation

Repair damaged insulation (A bare steam pipe of 150 mm diameter and 100 m length,

carrying saturated steam at 8 kg/cm2 would waste 25,000 litres furnace oil in a year.)

Insulate any hot or cold metal or insulation.

Replace wet insulation.

Use an infrared gun to check for cold wall areas during cold weather or hot wall areas

during hot weather.

Ensure that all insulated surfaces are cladded with aluminium.

Insulate all flanges, valves and couplings.

Insulate open tanks (70% heat losses can be reduced by floating a layer of 45 mm

diameter polypropylene (plastic) balls on the surface of 90 0C hot liquid/condensate).


AIT PALAKKAD 43

9.1.5 Waste Heat Recovery

Recover heat from flue gas, engine cooling water, engine exhaust, low pressure waste

steam, drying oven exhaust, boiler blow down, etc.

Recover heat from incinerator off-gas.

Use waste heat for fuel oil heating, boiler feed water heating, outside air heating, etc.

Use chiller waste heat to preheat hot water.

Use heat pumps.

Use absorption refrigeration.

Use thermal wheels, run-around systems, heat pipe systems, and air-to-air exchangers.

9.2 Electrical Utilities

9.2.1 Electricity Distribution System

Optimise the tariff structure with utility supplier

Schedule your operations to maintain a high load factor

Shift loads to off-peak times if possible.

Minimise maximum demand by tripping loads through a demand controller

Stagger start up times for equipment with large starting currents to minimize load

peaking.

Use standby electric generation equipment for on-peak high load periods.

Correct power factor to at least 0.90 under rated load conditions.

Relocate transformers close to main loads.

Set transformer taps to optimum settings.

Disconnect primary power to transformers that do not serve any active loads

Consider on-site electric generation or cogeneration.

Export power to grid if you have any surplus in your captive generation.

Check utility electric meter with your own meter.

Shut off unnecessary computers, printers, and copiers at night.


AIT PALAKKAD 44

9.2.2 Motors

Properly size to the load for optimum efficiency. (High efficiency motors offer of 4-

5% higher efficiency than standard motors)

Use energy-efficient motors where economical.

Use synchronous motors to improve power factor.

Check alignment.

Provide proper ventilation (For every 10 ºC increase in motor operating temperature

over recommended peak, the motor life is estimated to be halved)

Check for under-voltage and over-voltage conditions.

Balance the three-phase power supply.(An imbalanced voltage can reduce 3 - 5% in

motor input power)

Demand efficiency restoration after motor rewinding.(If rewinding is not done

properly, the efficiency can be reduced by 5 - 8%).

9.2.3 Drives

Use variable-speed drives for large variable loads.

Use high-efficiency gear sets.

Use precision alignment.

Check belt tension regularly.

Eliminate variable-pitch pulleys.

Use flat belts as alternatives to v-belts.

Use synthetic lubricants for large gearboxes.

Eliminate eddy current couplings.

Shut them off when not needed.

9.2.4 Fans

Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.

Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.

Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.

Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.

Use aerofoil-shaped fan blades.

Minimize fan speed.


AIT PALAKKAD 45

Use low-slip or flat belts.


Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.

Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.

Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.

Eliminate leaks in ductwork.

Minimise bends in ductwork.

Turn fans off when not needed.

9.2.4 Blowers

Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air intakes.

Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.

Clean screens and filters regularly.

Minimize blower speed.

Use low-slip or no-slip belts.


Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.

Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.


Eliminate ductwork leaks.

Turn blowers off when they are not needed.

9.2.6 Pumps

Operate pumping near best efficiency point.

Modify pumping to minimize throttling.

Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives or sequenced control of

smaller units.

Stop running both pumps add an auto start for an on-line spare or add a booster pump

in the problem area.

Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher pressures.

Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce pumping rates.

Repair seals and packing to minimize water waste.


AIT PALAKKAD 46

Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce pump power requirements.

Use siphon effect to advantage: don't waste pumping head with a free fall (gravity)

return.

9.2.7 Compressors

Consider variable speed drive for variable load on positive displacement compressors.

Use a synthetic lubricant if the compressor manufacturer permits it.

Be sure lubricating oil temperature is not too high (oil degradation and lowered

viscosity) and not too low (condensation contamination).

Change the oil filter regularly.

Periodically inspect compressor intercoolers for proper functioning.

Use waste heat from a very large compressor to power an absorption chiller or preheat

process or utility feeds.

Establish a compressor efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit

and follow-up, then make a compressor efficiency-maintenance program a part of your


9.2.8 Compressed Air

Install a control system to coordinate multiple air compressors.


for operating multiple air compressors.

Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.

Load up modulation-controlled air compressors. (They use almost as much power at

partial load as at full load.)

Turn off the back-up air compressor until it is needed.

Reduce air compressor discharge pressure to the lowest acceptable setting. (Reduction

of 1 kg/cm2 air pressure (8 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2) would result in 9% input power

savings. This will also reduce compressed air leakage rates by 10%)

Use the highest reasonable dryer dew point settings.

Turn off refrigerated and heated air dryers when the air compressors are off.

Use a control system to minimize heatless desiccant dryer purging.


AIT PALAKKAD 47

Minimize purges, leaks, excessive pressure drops, and condensation accumulation.

(Compressed air leak from 1 mm hole size at 7 kg/cm2 pressure would mean power

loss equivalent to 0.5 kW)

Use drain controls instead of continuous air bleeds through the drains.

Consider engine-driven or steam-driven air compression to reduce electrical demand

charges.

Replace standard v-belts with high-efficiency flat belts as the old v-belts wear out.

Use a small air compressor when major production load is off.

Take air compressor intake air from the coolest (but not air conditioned) location.

(Every 50C reduction in intake air temperature would result in 1% reduction in

compressor power consumption)

Use an air-cooled after cooler to heat building makeup air in winter.

Be sure that heat exchangers are not fouled (e.g. -- with oil).

Be sure that air/oil separators are not fouled.

Monitor pressure drops across suction and discharge filters and clean or replace filters

promptly upon alarm.

Use a properly sized compressed air storage receiver. Minimize disposal costs by

using lubricant that is fully demisable and an effective oil-water separator.

Consider alternatives to compressed air such as blowers for cooling, hydraulic rather

than air cylinders, electric rather than air actuators, and electronic rather than

pneumatic controls.

Use nozzles or venture-type devices rather than blowing with open compressed air

lines.

Check for leaking drain valves on compressed air filter/regulator sets. Certain rubber

type valves may leak continuously after they age and crack.

In dusty environments, control packaging lines with high-intensity photocell units

instead of standard units with continuous air purging of lenses and reflectors.

Establish a compressed air efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit

and follow-up, then make a compressed air efficiency-maintenance program a part of

your continuous energy management program.

9.2.9 Chillers

Increase the chilled water temperature set point if possible.


AIT PALAKKAD 48

Use the lowest temperature condenser water available that the chiller can handle.

(Reducing condensing temperature by 5.5 ºC, results in a 20 to 25% decrease in

compressor power consumption)

Increase the evaporator temperature (5.5 ºC increase in evaporator temperature

reduces compressor power consumption by 20 - 25%)

Clean heat exchangers when fouled. (1 mm scale build-up on condenser tubes can

increase energy consumption by 40%)

Optimize condenser water flow rate and refrigerated water flow rate.

Replace old chillers or compressors with new higher-efficiency models.

Use water-cooled rather than air cooled chiller condensers.


Specify appropriate fouling factors for condensers.

Do not overcharge oil.

Install a control system to coordinate multiple chillers.


for operating multiple chillers.

Run the chillers with the lowest energy consumption. It saves energy cost, fuels a base

load.

Avoid over sizing, i.e. match the connected load.

Isolate off-line chillers and cooling towers.

Establish a chiller efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and

follow-up, then make a chiller efficiency-maintenance program a part of your


9.2.10 HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning)

Tune up the HVAC control system.

Consider installing a building automation system (BAS) or energy management

system (EMS) or restoring an out of service one.

Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce blower or fan or pump power

requirements.

Eliminate or reduce reheat whenever possible.

Use appropriate HVAC thermostat setback.


AIT PALAKKAD 49

Use morning pre-cooling in summer and pre-heating in winter (i.e. before electrical

peak hours).

Use building thermal lag to minimize HVAC equipment operating time.

In winter during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to fall as low as possible

without freezing water lines or damaging stored materials.

In summer during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to rise as high as possible

without damaging stored materials.

Improve control and utilization of outside air.

Use air-to-air heat exchangers to reduce energy requirements for heating and cooling

of outside air.

Reduce HVAC system operating hours (e.g. Night, weekend).

Optimize ventilation.

Ventilate only when necessary. To allow some areas to be shut down when

unoccupied, install dedicated HVAC systems on continuous loads (e.g. computer

rooms).

Provide dedicated outside air supply to kitchens, cleaning rooms, combustion

equipment, etc. to avoid excessive exhausting of conditioned air.

Use evaporative cooling in dry climates.

Reduce humidification or dehumidification during unoccupied periods.

Use atomization rather than steam for humidification where possible.

Clean HVAC unit coils periodically and comb mashed fins.

Upgrade filter banks to reduce pressure drop and thus lower fan power requirements.

Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least monthly) and clean/change if appropriate.

Check pneumatic controls air compressors for proper operation, cycling, and

maintenance.

Isolate air conditioned loading dock areas and cool storage areas using high-speed

doors or clear PVC strip curtains.

Install ceiling fans to minimize thermal stratification in high-bay areas.

Relocate air diffusers to optimum heights in areas with high ceilings.

Consider reducing ceiling heights.

Eliminate obstructions in front of radiators, baseboard heaters, etc.

Check reflectors on infrared heaters for cleanliness and proper beam direction.

Use professionally-designed industrial ventilation hoods for dust and vapor control.


AIT PALAKKAD 50

Use local infrared heat for personnel rather than heating the entire area.

Use spot cooling and heating (e.g. -- use ceiling fans for personnel rather than cooling

the entire area).

Purchase only high-efficiency models for HVAC window units.

Put HVAC window units on timer control.

Don't oversize cooling units. (Oversized units will "short cycle" which results in poor

humidity control.)

Install multi fuelling capability and run with the cheapest fuel available at the time.

Consider dedicated make-up air for exhaust hoods. (Why exhaust the air conditioning

or heat if you don't need to?)

Minimize HVAC fan speeds.

Consider desiccant drying of outside air to reduce cooling requirements in humid

climates.

Consider ground source heat pumps.

Seal leaky HVAC ductwork.

Seal all leaks around coils.

Repair loose or damaged flexible connections (including those under air handling

units).

Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling during seasonal transition periods.

Zone HVAC air and water systems to minimize energy use.

Inspect, clean, lubricate, and adjust damper blades and linkages.

Establish an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and

follow-up, then make an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program a part of your


9.2.11 Refrigeration

Use water-cooled condensers rather than air-cooled condensers.

Challenge the need for refrigeration, particularly for old batch processes.

Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.

Consider gas powered refrigeration equipment to minimize electrical demand charges.

Use "free cooling" to allow chiller shutdown in cold weather.

Use refrigerated water loads in series if possible.


AIT PALAKKAD 51

Convert firewater or other tanks to thermal storage.

Don't assume that the old way is still the best -- particularly for energy-intensive low

temperature systems.

Correct inappropriate brine or glycol concentration that adversely affects heat transfer

and/or pumping energy. If it sweats, insulate it, but if it is corroding, replace it first.

Make adjustments to minimize hot gas bypass operation.

Inspect moisture/liquid indicators.

Consider change of refrigerant type if it will improve efficiency.

Check for correct refrigerant charge level.

Inspect the purge for air and water leaks.

Establish a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit

and follow-up, then make a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance program a part of

your continuous energy management program.

9.2.12 Lighting

Reduce excessive illumination levels to standard levels using switching, delamping,

etc. (Know the electrical effects before doing decamping.).

Aggressively control lighting with clock timers, delay timers, photocells, and/or

occupancy sensors.

Install efficient alternatives to incandescent lighting, mercury vapour lighting, etc.

Efficiency (lumens/watt) of various technologies range from best to worst

approximately as follows: low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, metal halide,

fluorescent, mercury vapour, incandescent.

Select ballasts and lamps carefully with high power factor and long-term efficiency in

mind.

Upgrade obsolete fluorescent systems to Compact fluorescents and electronic ballasts

Consider lowering the fixtures to enable using less of them.

Consider day lighting, skylights, etc.

Consider painting the walls a lighter colour and using less lighting fixtures or lower

wattages.

Use task lighting and reduce background illumination.

Re-evaluate exterior lighting strategy, type, and control. Control it aggressively.

Change exit signs from incandescent to LED.


AIT PALAKKAD 52

9.2.13 DG Sets

Optimise loading.

Use waste heat to generate steam/hot water /power an absorption chiller or preheat

process or utility feeds.

Use jacket and head cooling water for process needs.

Clean air filters regularly.

Insulate exhaust pipes to reduce DG set room temperatures.

Use cheaper heavy fuel oil for capacities more than 1MW


AIT PALAKKAD 53

CHAPTER 10

RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS

1) Pump the cooled water to cold storage plant during night to thermally insulated tank.

Advice people not to use cold water till 12 noon of the day .Only they have to use the

cold water plant between 12 noon to-10 PM for 10 hours.

2) Workers/Employees are advised to use only cotton clothes. White or relatively white

cloth during summer. Therefore they can avoid too much sweating with that the effect

of dehydration can be minimized and the water consumption can be minimized

through which cold water storage burden will reduce at least by 10-20% of total

consumption.

3) They can use cotton mini size umbrella it is not for rain protection it is exclusively to

protect for direct attack of solar radiations, when they walk outside during afternoon.

So that soon after reaching home fan use can be minimized and it is healthy. After

going home immediate use of AC or FAN should be avoided as biologically certain

harmonically imbalance takes place .gradual body cooling is better.

4) Use focused light for reading place or table lamp. Sometime recommended to avoid

full room lighting it leads to wastage of illumination and disturbance of sleep to

housemates which disturb their work efficiency at working place. Man-hour efficiency

reduction is the national waste. Also insufficient sleeps leads to health problems.

5) All Interior walls should be painted using Enamelled paint which would reflect

light.

6) Good light ventilation and Air ventilation to classrooms may solve the problem of

Energy Consumption.

7) Energy saving by replacing LCD desktop with LAPTOP illustrate the benefits in terms

of portability, space saving, maintenance cost of desktop computers and additional

cost of peripherals. Also cost of damage and other electrical problems. Critical space

management and cost involved can be removed. Wiring for LAN and labour cost can

also be prevented.


AIT PALAKKAD 54

8) Unnecessary power consumption by negligence of user and system administrator for

not switching off while leaving the office will have more vulnerability for damage

due to short circuit and heavy voltage due to lightning.

9) It is recommended to replace fluorescent lamps by CFL and LED‟S which are handy

by construction and possibility of breakage is less. Installation is easy and the labour

charge required for replacement of burnt tubes and defected choke lamps is a costly

affair. Disposal of burnt tubes will disturb the habitat place of both human being and

animals. The release of krypton and argon gases is more dangerous, it may lead to

ecological imbalance if it in mass destruction.

10) Switch off the photocopier machine at the main outlet itself when not in use or in other

words machine should not be kept in stand by and sleep mode which consumes power.

11) Avoiding individual mobile phone facility at the working place during working hours

is better; as they use charging facility which consume power and substandard battery

chargers draws more current leads to more power consumption. There is also

possibility66 of electrical short circuit. Common communication facility may lead to

harmony among employs due to uniform facility it keeps the working atmosphere very

clean and calm in addition to the cost benefit.

12) Use good lighting system will reduce the power burden as a whole.

13) Energy recycling, when Equipment is operating or motor is running is the research

area where young generations have to address.

14) Fans running without capacitor or under rated capacitor will draw more current

therefore use of correct rated capacitor will reduce the power consumption.

15) All major equipments should run with good power factor and the integration of

Instrument to read the P.F online should be made mandatory. Therefore immediate

care can be taken to improve the power factor.

16) Recommended to use Online harmonics measurement system to monitor the

harmonics higher level harmonics lead generate heat in the equipment may lead to

greater power loss .Harmonics suppression equipment is necessary.

17) Recommended to use solar water cooler in place of conventional one.

18) Reschedule the time table to reduce the maximum demand.

19) Outside lightening of the campus should be placed bit higher.

20) Use pumps on the off peak time so that we can reduce the consumption cost. If the

securities are available. Fill the tank by pumping once.


AIT PALAKKAD 55

21) Static capacitive banks are recommended to place parallel with the pump to increase

the power factor.

22) Recommended to replace the old refrigerator, freezers, grinders and mixers with the

new energy efficient ones i.e. five stars rated equipments.

23) Star rating of our campus is labelled 5 stars for the year 2015-2016 and we

recommends to check star rating for every year.


AIT PALAKKAD 56

CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

The Proposed project gave strong warning to the consumer not only in terms of the

energy bills but also the energy crisis in the near future to all sectors of people. This project‟s

recommendations reduce around 15-20% of the energy and 25-30% of cost reduction

excluding some issues likes more payback period. There is a scope of improvement to include

the advanced lighting scheme to reduce further 10% of the operating cost. As per the ECBC

building ratings, 5 Star labeled buildings are most efficient and we found that our campus

could be labelled as 5 star as per ECBC criterion. As per ECBC, a building exceeding an EPI

of 1000kWh/sq.m/year comes under the ECBC complaints. In the AIT campus we observed

that only an EPI of 3.3kWh/sq.m/year, so the campus found to be free from the ECBC

complaints.


AIT PALAKKAD 57

REFERENCES

1] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India (2007):

“Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)-Revised Version May 2008”, New

Delhi, India.

2] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry Of Power, Government of India (2005):

“Energy Efficiency In Electrical Utilities”, New Delhi India.

3] Bureau of Indian Standard (2005): “National Building Code of India Second Revision

(2005)”, New Delhi India.

4] Lee Wei-Jen, Kenarangui Rasool, “Energy Management for Motors, Systems, and

Electrical Equipment”, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, vol. 38, no. 2,

march/April 2002, PP 602-607.

5] Jiang Tie-Liu, Li Yong, Wang Jian-Jun, Zhang Bing-Wen, “Energy Audit and Its

Application in Coal-fired Power Plant”, School of Energy Resources and Mechanical

Engineering Northeast Denali University Jilin City, China, 2009, PP 1-4.

6] Jankes Goran, Stamenic Mirjana, Simonovic Tomislav, Trninic Marta, Tanasic

Nikola, “Energy Audit as a Tool for Improving Overall Energy Efficiency in Serbian

Industrial Sector”, IEEE 2nd International Symposium on Environment-Friendly

Energies and Applications (EFEA), 2012, PP 118-122.

7] T.E.R.I., “Energy Audit at Unit -1 of G.H.T.P.”, the energy and Resources institute,

78PP, New Delhi, 2011, Project report no. 2011 IE 10. PP 1- 210.

8] Chai Yuman, Zhao Hongbin, “Energy analysis of a power cycle system with 300 MW

capacity”, IEEE International Conference on Advances in Energy Engineering, 2010,

PP 247250.

9] Ding Jinliang, Liu Changliang, Wang Hong, Zhen Chenggang , “An Overview of

Modelling and Simulation of Thermal Power Plant”, Proceedings of the 2011

International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Zhengzhou, China,

August 11-13, 2011, PP 8691.

10] Gupta, J.B., “A Course in Power System”, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 4424/6 Guru Nanak

Market Nai Sarak Dehli-110006, 2006-07, PP 46-93.


AIT PALAKKAD 58

11] Guo Ying, Lu Jianhong, Wu Ke, Zhang Tiejun, “A Multi-Objective Optimizing

Control Method for Boiler-Turbine Coordinated Control”, IEEE International

Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, China, August 5 - 8, 2007, PP 3700-

3705.

12] Guo Tieqiao, Zheng Haiming, “Relative Accuracy Test Audit Evaluation for Flue Gas

Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems in power plant”, IEEE Pacific-Asia

Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008, PP 239-

243.

13] Gao Han, Li Yong, “On-line Calculation for Thermal Efficiency of Boiler”, Supported

by the Science and Technology Development Plans of Jilin Province of China

(20080523), 2010, PP 1-4.

14] Hogg B. W., Prasad G., Swidenbank E., “A Novel Performance Monitoring Strategy

for Economical Thermal Power Plant Operation”, IEEE Transactions on Energy

Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1999, PP 802-808.

15] Jiang Tie-Liu, Li Yong, Wang Jian-Jun, Zhang Bing-Wen, “Energy Audit and Its

Application in Coal-fired Power Plant”, School of Energy Resources and Mechanical

Engineering Northeast Dianli University Jilin City, China, 2009, PP 1-4.

16] Khan Atif Zaman , “Electrical energy conservation and its application to a sheet glass

industry”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1996,

PP 666671.

17] Kim Hoyol, Park Dooyong, Shin Youngjin, “Control Strategy for the Ultra-Super

Critical Coal-firing Thermal Power Plant”, IEEE International Joint Conference 2006

in Bexco, Busan, Korea, Oct. 18-21, 2006, PP 1719- 1721.

18] Kamalapur G D, Udaykumar R Y, “Electrical Energy conservation in India -

Challenges and Achievements”, IEEE International conference on “control,

automation, communication and energy conservation -2009, 4th-6th June 2009, PP 1-

5.

19] Lee Wei-Jen, Kenarangui Rasool, “Energy Management for Motors, Systems, and

Electrical Equipment”, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, vol. 38, no. 2,

march/april 2002, PP 602-607.

Education

Energy Auditing in College Campus