Energy

By: Atul Saini M.A.(F) Geography University of Delhi

Energy- Capacity of doing work by a body is called its energy. (SI Unit- Joule) Chemistry- Energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure.

Biology- Energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism.

Types of Energy- (i) Potential Energy (ii) Kinetic Energy

Principle of Conservation of Energy- Energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed. Only energy can be transformed from one form to another form.

Consumption of Energy and City System

Why focus on cities for energy consumption?

Sectors consuming Energy

En-ergy

Residential

Industry

Road Transport

Other Transport

Agriculture

Commercial and Public Services

Others

Includes transport in the in-dustry sector and covers railways, air, internal navi-gation (including smallcraft and coastal shipping not included under marinebunkers), fuels used for transport of minerals by pipeline and non-specified transport

Includes the use of petroleum products such as white spirit, paraffin waxes, lubricants, bi-tumen and other products. It is assumed that these products are used exclusively for non-energy purposes. This category also includes thenon-energy use of coal (exclud-ing peat) and fuel inputs for the production of ammonia and methanol

Sectors which consumes energy

All energy used for activities byhouseholds except for transport

Includes a combination of all industrial sub-sectors, such as mining and quarrying, iron and steel, and construction. Energy used for transport byindustry is not included here, but is reported undertransportation

Includes all activities defined as agriculture, hunting, and forestry. The sector therefore includes energy consumed by ocean, coastal and inland fishing in addition to the energy consumed by traction, power, and heating

Includes all fuels used in road vehicles,including military, as well as agricultural and industrial highway use. The sector excludes motor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil used in tractors

Includes, for example, wholesale and retail trade; the operation of hotels and restaurants; post and telecommunications; realestate, renting and business activities; the collection, purification and distribution of water; maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; financialintermediation, except insurance and pension funding;computers and related activities; sewage and refuse disposal; public administration and defence; education; and other community, health, social and personal service activities

Factors Driving Energy Consumption and Emission

• Urban Demographic Changes

• Income Growth & Living Standard

• Structure of Economic Activities

• Climate and Urban Geography

Sectors which compel consumption to occur

Urban Demographic ChangeOnly 30% of Indians live in cities, in comparison with 74% of Germans and 82% of Americans.

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision

Japan: Tokyo

India: Mumbai

Energy Consumption(A Case of Delhi)

Electricity Consumption Pattern:

Domestic44%

NDMC & MES12%

Public Light + Public Water Works

5%

Industrial Use25%

Agricul-ture1%

Commer-cial Use14%

Source: Delhi Vidyut Board (2001)

Electricity Demand in Delhi:

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1996 20010

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

27 86.6259.6

563.8

1435

2051

2831

Year

Dem

and

(In M

W)

Source: Delhi Vidyut Board (2001)

Water Consumption

Urban household dependence on various cooking fuels

22.7

2.12

4.6

19.2

48

0.40.30.2 0.6

FirewoodCrop ResidueCowdung CakeCoal/Lignite/CharcoalKeroseneLPGElectricityBiogasAny otherNo Cooking

Source: Report on the use of LPG as a domestic cooking fuel option in India International Energy Initiative, Bangalore(2001)

Rural household dependence on various cooking fuels

64.113.1

12.8

1.11.65.7

0.1 0.5 0.8 0.2

FirewoodCrop residueCowdung CakeCoal/Lignite/ChacoalKeroseneLPGElectricityBiogasAny OtherNo Cooking

Source: Report on the use of LPG as a domestic cooking fuel option in India International Energy Initiative, Bangalore(2001)

World Energy Demand in Cities

Source: World Energy Outlook (2008), International Energy Agency

World Rate of Urbanisation

World Scenario of GHG Emission

Source: Sustainable Energy-without the hot air (2008), David JC MacKay

Right Way of Energy Consumption

Sustainability- How much and at what rate is consumed , and its effect on long term sustainability.

Efficiency- The Technology, Planning and Management of energy systems.

Equity - The appropriate financial mechanism for research, development and use of finite and alternative energy forms, and their equitable distribution for all humankind.

Today’s City

Sustainable City

References :

1.Urban energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Asian mega cities (2004), Institute for global environmental strategies, Japan.

2. Improving efficiency of energy use in cities-towards sustainability through managing energy and changing behavior by G.Gacic, Dr. Z.Morvaj).

3. State of the world’s cities 2008-2009 – Harmonious Cities, UN Habitat.4. World energy outlook (2008), International Energy Agency.

5. All about: Cities and energy consumption by Rachel oliver (2007)

6.Energy for cities, United Nations Environmental Programme (IETC).

7.Estimating carbon footprint of urban household energy use (2010), TERI.8. Sustainable Energy-without the hot air (2008), David JC MacKay.

9. Report on the use of LPG as a domestic cooking fuel option in India International Energy Initiative, Bangalore(2001).

10. Delhi Vidyut Board (2001)

11. United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision