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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
By-Lovnish Thakur
IBT-2ST SEM (ASU2014010100099)
COURSE-LIFE SCIENCE(BSBT201)
School of Bioscience
WHAT IS ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.
It consist of-:
• Endoplasmic Reticulum,
• Golgi Apparatus,
• Lysosomes,
• Vacuoles, Vesicles.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
IT is a network of membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell.
It accounts for 50% membranes in eukaryotic cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Does not contain ribosome.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Contain ribosome that make it look
rough.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Function-:Factory processing operations like-• many metabolic processes• synthesis & hydrolysis
Enzymes of smooth ER help in-• synthesize lipids, oils,
phospholipids,• steroids & sex hormones• hydrolysis of glycogen• (in liver) into glucose• detoxify drugs & poisons
(in liver)ex. alcohol & barbiturates
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Function-:• Produce proteins for
export out of cell
• protein secreting cells
• packaged into transport
vesicles for export
Endoplasmic reticulum -: Membrane Factory
Synthesize membrane phospholipids
build new membrane as ER membrane expands, bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need
membranes
Synthesize membrane proteins
Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus functions as a factory in which proteins
received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secretion.
• Function
• finishes, sorts & ships cell products
• extensive in cells specialized for
Secretion
Structure
flattened membranous sacs = cisternae
2 sides = 2 functions
• Cis face receives
material by fusing
with vesicles = “receiving”
• Trans face buds off
vesicles that travel
to other sites = “shipping”
(transport)
Golgi processing
During path from cis to trans, products from ER are
modified into final form tags, sorts, & packages materials into transport vesicles
Golgi = “UPS headquarters”
Transport vesicles = “UPS trucks” delivering packages that have been tagged with their own barcodes
Lysosomes
Structure membrane-bounded sac
of hydrolytic enzymes
that digests macromolecules
enzymes & membrane
of lysosomes are
synthesized by rough
ER & transferred to the
Golgi
Function
A little “stomach” for the cell, lyso– = breaking things apart,
some = body. It is also called the “clean up crew” of the cell.
In addition to degrading
molecules taken up by
endocytosis, lysosomes
digest material derived
from two other routes:
1. phagocytosis
2. autophagy
Lysosomal storage diseases
don’t digest a biomolecule instead biomolecule collects in lysosomes
lysosomes fill up with undigested material, lysosomes grow larger & larger eventually disrupt cell & organ function
“Lysosomal storage diseases”are usually fatal.
For e.g-:
Tay-Sachs disease- lipids build up
in brain cells & child dies before age 5.
Sometimes its supposed to workthat way…
Apoptosis = cell death critical role in programmed destruction of cells in multicellular organisms.
auto-destruct mechanism-“cell suicide” some cells have to die in an organized fashion, especially during development.
e.g-: development of space between
your fingers during embryonic
development
Vacuoles & vesicles
A vacuole is a membrane-enclosed fluid filled sac found in the cells of plants including fungi.
Vacuoles can be large organelles occupying between 30% and 90% of a cell by volume.
Vacuoles appear to have three main functions
• contribute to the rigidity of the plant using water to develop hydrostatic pressure
• store nutrient and non-nutrient chemicals• break down complex molecules.
Type- Food vacuoles- phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes Contractile vacuoles- in freshwater protists, pump
excess H2O out of cell Central vacuoles- in many mature plant cells
REFERENCES
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › Bookshelf
bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/vacuole-plants
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › Bookshelf
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › Bookshelf
www.rtsd.org/cms/lib/.../The%20Cell%20Endomembrane%20System.pdf
https://fc.deltasd.bc.ca/~jonzon/S030AAF27.11/endomembrane%20system.pdf