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Talk given at the Information Science and Library Department at Mysore University, Dec. 20, 2012
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Emerging Trends in Scholarly Communications and the Coming
Decade of Open Access
Leslie ChanCenter for Critical Development StudiesBioline InternationalUniversity of Toronto Scarborough
Mysore UniversityDec. 19, 2012
Where is the University of Toronto?
Where is the University of Toronto Scarborough?
Key issues• Changing contexts of research discovery and
dissemination in the digital environment• Why Open Access is important for
“development” • Open Access as a philosophical principle and a
set of practical tools• “Journal” no longer serves the needs of
networked scholarship• Why greater openness is good for science• Tensions between openness, quality measures,
impact, and policies
• Changing contexts of research discovery and dissemination in the digital environment
• Why Open Access is important for “development”
• Open Access as a philosophical principle and a set of practical tools
• “Journal” no longer serves the needs of networked scholarship
• Why greater openness is good for science• Tensions between openness, quality measures,
impact, and policies
Key Issues• From “Wealth of Nations” to “Wealth of
Networks”• Need to rethink measurements of “impact” and
values, especially for research relevant to development
• Innovations are happening in the “peripheries” but there are gatekeepers and social barriers
• Towards a convergence of key values and policy goals
• From “Wealth of Nations” to “Wealth of Networks”
• Need to rethink measurements of “impact” and values, especially for research relevant to development
• Innovations are happening in the “peripheries” but there are gatekeepers and social barriers
• Towards a convergence of key values and policy goals
The Dysfunctional Economy of Scholarly Communications
The Dysfunctional Economy of Scholarly Communications
• Commodification of public knowledge
Bundling • Oligopoly• Artificial scarcity• Homogeneity of forms
and functions• Reputation
management
• Commodification of public knowledge
Bundling • Oligopoly• Artificial scarcity• Homogeneity of forms
and functions• Reputation
management
The World of Scientific Output According to Thomson’s ISI Science Citation Index
Data from 2002http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205
Has the Internet become an avatar of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many marvels—social media, participative democracy, collaborative science, etc., have the transformative energy of the spinning wheel? MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEELby Sudheendra KularniPUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS |
Has the Internet become an avatar of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many marvels—social media, participative democracy, collaborative science, etc., have the transformative energy of the spinning wheel? MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEELby Sudheendra KularniPUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS |
“An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good.”
Budapest Open Access Initiativehttp://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml
arXiv began its operations before the World Wide Web, search engines, online commerce and all the rest, but nonetheless anticipated many components of current 'Web 2.0' methodology… It continues to play a leading role at the forefront of new models for scientific communication."
OA does not only remove or reduce price barriers for researchers in developing countries, it offers a more equitable model for the exchange of knowledge as a global public good (the philosophical dimension)
OA does not only remove or reduce price barriers for researchers in developing countries, it offers a more equitable model for the exchange of knowledge as a global public good (the philosophical dimension)
Bioline
BOAI
Open Access week
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY
“Ten years of experience lead us to reaffirm the definition of OA introduced in the original BOAI:By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.”
“Ten years of experience lead us to reaffirm the definition of OA introduced in the original BOAI:By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.”
“The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses specifically on peer-reviewed research literature, and does not apply to software, music, movies, or anything else. (2) For BOAI, free access should depend on author consent, not just user need or desire.”Peter Suberhttp://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#freeinfo
“The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses specifically on peer-reviewed research literature, and does not apply to software, music, movies, or anything else. (2) For BOAI, free access should depend on author consent, not just user need or desire.”Peter Suberhttp://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#freeinfo
Modes of Open Access
Gratis Libre
GreenAuthor Self-Archiving of published papers or pre-prints in Institutional Repositories
Green-Gratis Green-Libre
GoldAuthor publish in journals that are open access
Gold-Gratis Gold-Libre
User Rights
Venues and Delivery Vehicles
• OA benefits research and researchers, and the lack of OA impedes them.
• OA for publicly-funded research benefits taxpayers and increases the return on their investment in research. It has economic benefits as well as academic or scholarly benefits.
• OA amplifies the social value of research, and OA policies amplify the social value of funding agencies and research institutions.
• The costs of OA can be recovered without adding more money to the current system of scholarly communication.
• OA is consistent with copyright law everywhere in the world, and gives both authors and readers more rights than they have under conventional publishing agreements.
• OA is consistent with the highest standards of quality.
• OA benefits research and researchers, and the lack of OA impedes them.
• OA for publicly-funded research benefits taxpayers and increases the return on their investment in research. It has economic benefits as well as academic or scholarly benefits.
• OA amplifies the social value of research, and OA policies amplify the social value of funding agencies and research institutions.
• The costs of OA can be recovered without adding more money to the current system of scholarly communication.
• OA is consistent with copyright law everywhere in the world, and gives both authors and readers more rights than they have under conventional publishing agreements.
• OA is consistent with the highest standards of quality.
• 1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors. We encourage the development of alternative metrics for impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable, and entirely open for use and reuse.
• We encourage research on the accuracy of the new metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research assessment programs (when assessing research impact), and publishers (when promoting their publications).
• 1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors. We encourage the development of alternative metrics for impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable, and entirely open for use and reuse.
• We encourage research on the accuracy of the new metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research assessment programs (when assessing research impact), and publishers (when promoting their publications).
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
• 3.14. We encourage experiments with new forms of the scholarly research “article” and “book” in which texts are integrated in useful ways with underlying data, multimedia elements, executable code, related literature, and user commentary.
• We encourage experiments to take better advantage of the digital medium, and digital networks, for the benefit of research.
• 3.14. We encourage experiments with new forms of the scholarly research “article” and “book” in which texts are integrated in useful ways with underlying data, multimedia elements, executable code, related literature, and user commentary.
• We encourage experiments to take better advantage of the digital medium, and digital networks, for the benefit of research.
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
And there are obvious synergies between Open Access and other “open” movement: Open Educational Resources, Open Science, Open Source, Open Innovation, etc.
And there are obvious synergies between Open Access and other “open” movement: Open Educational Resources, Open Science, Open Source, Open Innovation, etc.
Hacking the bundle
Explore ways by which new practices can be coded (codified) so that the key functions of scholarly communication – authoring, certification, quality control, archiving, and rewarding - can be decoupled and better served by emerging tools for collaborative authoring, sharing, and reputation management.
Explore ways by which new practices can be coded (codified) so that the key functions of scholarly communication – authoring, certification, quality control, archiving, and rewarding - can be decoupled and better served by emerging tools for collaborative authoring, sharing, and reputation management.
But Open Access is only the Substrate of theResearch Life Cycle
Scholarly Primitives
“…basic functions common to scholarly activity across disciplines, over time, and independent of theoretical orientation.”
John Unsworth. "Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?" "Humanities Computing, Formal Methods, Experimental Practice" Symposium, Kings College, London, May 13, 2000. http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html
http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/
The JIF is appallingly open to manipulation; mature alt-metrics systems could be more robust, leveraging the diversity of of alt-metrics and statistical power of big data to algorithmically detect and correct for fraudulent activity. This approach already works for online advertisers, social news sites, Wikipedia, and search engines.
http://impactstory.org/
The IF is negotiable and doesn’t reflect actual citation counts
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030291
The IF cannot be reproduced, even if it
reflected actual citations
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/179/6/1091.full
The IF is not statistically sound, even if it were reproducible and reflected
actual citations
http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/Report/CitationStatistics.pdf
The IF are more eff
http://iai.asm.org/content/early/2011/08/08/IAI.05661-11.full.pdf+html?view=long&pmid=21825063
http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4328
http://impactstory.org/
Reputation is nested in social network
Understanding influence and engagement in the open digital knowledge environment
Commons-based peer production in the networked economy
"commons-based peer production refers to any coordinated, (chiefly) internet-based effort whereby volunteers contribute project components, and there exists some process to combine them to produce a unified intellectual work. CBPP covers many different types of intellectual output, from software to libraries of quantitative data to human-readable documents (manuals, books, encyclopedias, reviews, blogs, periodicals, and more)”Krowne, Aaron (March 1, 2005). "The FUD based encyclopedia: Dismantling the Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt aimed at Wikipedia and other free knowledge sources". Free Software Magazine.
From “Big” science to Networked science
Knowledge for local problem solving
Conclusions• Leverage the various Open movement • Align the values of research with appropriate incentives and
recognition• Also need to align policies that are emerging from the top
with initiatives are rising from the bottom• Support for metadata standards and open licences• Recognition of non-proprietary and collaborative research
output from networked scholarship• Reward dissemination of research findings through multiple
means – beyond the journal• Move Prestige to Open Access• Participation in scholarly exchanges will be far more
inclusive and democratic ?
• Leverage the various Open movement • Align the values of research with appropriate incentives and
recognition• Also need to align policies that are emerging from the top
with initiatives are rising from the bottom• Support for metadata standards and open licences• Recognition of non-proprietary and collaborative research
output from networked scholarship• Reward dissemination of research findings through multiple
means – beyond the journal• Move Prestige to Open Access• Participation in scholarly exchanges will be far more
inclusive and democratic ?
Thank You! [email protected]
http://www.openoasis.org
http://www.bioline.org.br
http://www.openaccessmap.org
