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Mindsets is the popular version of Self Theories and here the presentation is brought up-to-date using the term FIXED MINDSET instead of Entitiy Theorist and GROWTH MINDSET instead of Incremental Theorist
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Does “Effort Lead to Success” ?
A look at the research done by
Carol Dweck
“Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development”
Carol S. Dweck (2000) – Taylor and Francis Publishers
(using the language of Mindset – the New Psychology of Success)
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a fixed trait that you have, then you have a
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a fixed trait that you have, then you have a– FIXED MINDSET (Entity Theorist)
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a fixed trait that you have, then you have a– FIXED MINDSET
► pursue performance goals
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a fixed trait that you have, then you have a– FIXED MINDSET
► pursue performance goals
► makes you vulnerable
► go for easy tasks
► low effort
► give up easily
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• Holding a FIXED MINDSET
– Failure/Difficulty IMPLIES Low Intelligence– Failure/Difficulty provides proof that others
can measure your intelligence directly– You go for easily completed tasks that enable
you to show your “intelligence”– You avoid challenging tasks which tests your
“intelligence”
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a malleable aspect which you can improve, then you have a
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a malleable aspect which you can improve, then you have a
► GROWTH MINDSET (Incremental Theorist)
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• If you believe INTELLIGENCE to be a malleable aspect which you can improve, then you have a ► GROWTH MINDSET ► Pursue Learning Goals ► You are empowered to learn and overcome difficulties ► More willing to take risks ► More effort ► You learn
Your view of INTELLIGENCE affects the way you LEARN
• Holding an GROWTH MINDSET
– Failure/Difficulty IMPLIES change your EFFORT or STRATEGY
– Failure/Difficulty provides a challenge to be taken on
– Intelligence can be improved– See success and difficulties in terms of
personal EFFORT or learning STRATEGIES
“Helpless Reaction”
• Seen in “bright” girls on transferring to Secondary
• Seen in FIXED MINDSET when meeting more challenging tasks
• Seen in Talented and Gifted Students when out of small pond situation
Research showed this to be true for other aspects too
• Relationships– FIXED MINDSET : “meant or not meant to
be”, destiny, gives up relationship easily
Research showed this to be true for other aspects too
• Relationships– FIXED MINDSET : “meant or not meant to
be”, destiny, gives up relationship easily
– GROWTH MINDSET : develop relationship over time through hard work, successful conflict resolution, grows a relationship
Criticism and Praise
• Establishes child’s FIXED MINDSET or GROWTH MINDSET
• Discourage labels such as “smart”, “dumb” that convey intelligence as fixed entity
• Praise child’s effort, strategies, progress – NOT their intelligence
Criticism and Praise
• When child PRAISED for their INTELLIGENCE after a job well done:
Criticism and Praise
• When child PRAISED for their INTELLIGENCE after a job well done:– VULNERABILITY
Criticism and Praise
• When child PRAISED for their INTELLIGENCE after a job well done:– VULNERABILITY
• might show straight away (choosing assured success with easier work rather than challenging learning task)
Criticism and Praise
• When child PRAISED for their INTELLIGENCE after a job well done:– VULNERABILITY
• might show straight away (choosing assured success with easier work rather than challenging learning task)
• or later, after a failure experience (doubt his/her intelligence) – helpless reaction
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their INTELLIGENCE or other FIXED TRAIT:
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their INTELLIGENCE or other FIXED TRAIT:– VULNERABILITY
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their INTELLIGENCE or other FIXED TRAIT:– VULNERABILITY
• when encounters later setbacks (measure him/herself from their performance and, in the presence of poor performance, would measure themselves negatively) – helpless reaction
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their EFFORT or STRATEGIES:
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their EFFORT or STRATEGIES:– MASTERY ORIENTATED RESPONSE later
Criticism and Praise
• When child CRITICISED for their EFFORT or STRATEGIES:– MASTERY ORIENTATED RESPONSE later
• makes child alter effort or strategy in solving later difficult problem
Criticism and Praise
Summary:• Focus on
– EFFORT
or– STRATEGY to obtain a Mastery Orientated Response
• NOT on – PERSON
or– TRAIT which produces vulnerability
Criticism and Praise
• Beware of CONTINGENT SELF-WORTH:
Criticism and Praise
• Beware of CONTINGENT SELF-WORTH:– When child feels worthy only when they have
succeeded– and feel deficient or worthless when they fail
Self Esteem
• Well-meant but misguided practices
Self Esteem
• Well-meant but misguided practices– SE seen as something children have or do
not have
Self Esteem
• Well-meant but misguided practices– SE seen as something children have or do
not have– SE instilled also at fault – it is not something
that we give children by telling them that they have a host of good things inside them
Self Esteem
• Well-meant but misguided practices– SE seen as something children have or do
not have– SE instilled also at fault – it is not something
that we give children by telling them that they have a host of good things inside them
Leads adults to lie to children (exaggerate positives, sugar-coat negatives, hide information entirely)
Self Esteem
• Operating within FIXED MINDSET – boosts EGO instead of boosting EFFORT
Self Esteem
• Operating within FIXED MINDSET – boosts EGO instead of boosting EFFORT– works only in short term
Self Esteemwhich is to be?
• LOW EFFORT• EASY SUCCESS• OTHERS’ FAILURES
(finding self-defeating ways of opting out of the system)
FIXED MINDSET
• WORKING HARD• FACING CHALLENGES• STRETCHING ABILITIES
(using knowledge and skills to help others)
GROWTH MINDSET
? ?
How to facilitate the second kind of Self Esteem?
• EMPHASIZING LEARNING• EMPHASIZING CHALLENGES• EMPHASIZING EFFORT• EMPHASIZING STRATEGIES
How to facilitate the second kind of Self Esteem?
• EMPHASIZING LEARNING• EMPHASIZING CHALLENGES• EMPHASIZING EFFORT• EMPHASIZING STRATEGIES
Tell the truth: when student does not have the skills or knowledge, or are behind others, NOT a sign of deep, shameful deficit.
It is a sign that they need to:
How to facilitate the second kind of Self Esteem?
• EMPHASIZING LEARNING• EMPHASIZING CHALLENGES• EMPHASIZING EFFORT• EMPHASIZING STRATEGIES
Tell the truth: when student does not have the skills or knowledge, or are behind others, NOT a sign of deep, shameful deficit.
It is a sign that they need to:
STUDY HARDER, FIND NEW LEARNING STRATEGIES
What can we do?
• Teach students to think of brain as a MUSCLE which strengthens with use
What can we do?
• Teach students to think of brain as a MUSCLE which strengthens with use
• Teach students STRATEGIES for learning and problem solving
What can we do?
• Teach students to think of brain as a MUSCLE which strengthens with use
• Teach students STRATEGIES for learning and problem solving
• Discourage labels that convey intelligence as a fixed entity
What can we do?
• Teach students to think of brain as a MUSCLE which strengthens with use
• Teach students STRATEGIES for learning and problem solving
• Discourage labels that convey intelligence as a fixed entity
• Praise student’s effort, strategies, progress, NOT their intelligence
What can we do?
• Teach students to think of brain as a MUSCLE which strengthens with use
• Teach students STRATEGIES for learning and problem solving
• Discourage labels that convey intelligence as a fixed entity
• Praise student’s effort, strategies, progress, NOT their intelligence
• Give students challenging work
Does “Effort Lead to Success” ?
A look at the research done by
Carol Dweck
“Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development”
Carol S. Dweck (2000) – Taylor and Francis Publishers
(using the language of Mindset – the New Psychology of Success)