2. The Impact of Geography Center of Mediterranean Sea.
Apennine Mountains easy to cross. Good farmland both sides.
3. The Impact of Geography 29 KM inland, safe from sea people
and pirates, yet has sea access.
4. The Peoples of Italy Around 1500 BCE, the Latin tribes,
including the Romans (a Indo- European people) moved into
Italy.
5. The Peoples of Italy By 800 BCE, the Etruscans conquered
northern Italy. By 700 BCE, the Greeks established polis in
southern Italy. Both influenced Rome.
6. Greek influence Greek artistic and cultural knowledge like
writing, sculpture, architecture, gods, and literature.
7. Etruscan influence Etruscan fashionsthe toga and short
skirts, and fighting tech.
8. Roman virtues Gravities: seriousness and dedication to
family and state. Extremely patriarchic paterfamilias Self
sacrifice for the good of the state. Simple and plain lifestyle.
Practical knowledge more important then theoretical. Strength and
honor in war.
9. Legendary founding Romulus and Remus ( twin sons of Mars
decedents of Aeneas of Troy) raised by a she wolf along the Tiber
river.
10. Romulus and Remus 753 BCE, as Romulus drew the boundaries
of the city, Remus jumped over them. So, Romulus killed him and
named the city after himself.
11. 509 BCE Romans Revolt Rubens Rape of Lucritia by King
Tarquin The Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and established a
republic.
12. Romes Legions War and Conquest For the next nine hundred
years, Roman legionaries engaged in almost continuous warfare.
13. By 338 B.C., Rome conquered central Italy.
14. By 264 BCE, they had defeated the Greeks.
15. By 260 BCE, they finished off the remaining Etruscan states
of Northern Italy.
16. Roman Confederation Rome allowed other Latins to have full
Roman citizenship. They could vote in Rome and were protected by
Roman Law. They could run their own local government, but had to
provide soldiers and follow Roman foreign affairs.
17. Roman Confederation The Romans made many improvements to
Italy. The legions kept peace.
18. They built roads for business and the army.
19. Heres how they built them:
20. Roman Confederation They built aqueducts, baths, forums,
and stadiums.
21. Forums political and shopping centers
22. Roman social classes Four social groups The patricians the
great landowners, dominated politics and the army. The plebeians
small business and landholders, could vote and be in the army.
Proletariat poor , could not vote, or be in the army. Slaves no
rights.
23. Women were citizens, without strong political rights, They
had legal rights and owned their own business and property. Not
confined to homes like Greeks.
24. The Roman Republic They distrusted both kingship and direct
democracy.
25. The Roman Republic Checks and Balances No one part of the
government could hold absolute power. 3 parts the executive the
legislative and the judicial
26. Executive Two consuls elected annually on March 1st by the
Legions. Supervised the government. VETO (I forbid) Command the
armies At end of year became a member of Senate.
27. Executive Censors taxes and count the population Quasetors
Public finances
28. Legislative Senate 300 patricians served for life. Laws,
war, peace, diplomacy and the treasury.
29. Class struggle Patricians against plebeians for hundreds of
years. In 471 BCE, Romans created the Popular Assembly
(plebeians).
30. Legislative Popular assembly Could make laws and elected 2
Tribunes. Tribunes could VETO any action of a consul or
senate.
31. Praetors judges elected for life by Popular Assembly
Approved by the Senate Roman Laws written down Judicial
32. Roman Law created Law of Nations principles still used
today A person is innocent until proved guilty. People accused are
allowed to defend themselves before a judge. A judge is expected to
weigh evidence carefully before making a decision
33. Roman Law Codified laws: they wrote down the judges
rulings, laws, and organized them in books. Law should be flexible
and evolve with society. Schools of law opened, producing
lawyers.
34. Dictator Absolute power over everything.
35. Home work Pg 154 1-6
36. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Romes conquest brought them in
contact with the State of Carthage.
37. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Since 800 BCE, the Phoenician
Carthage had a titanic trading empire. It was the largest and
richest state in the area.
38. 3 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE The First Punic War began when
Rome sends an army into Sicily. Carthage declares war.
39. The Romansa land power created a large navy.
40. Cape Ecnomus 256 BC . Stakes + A Roman victory would permit
an invasion of North Africa, threatening Carthage itself. + A
Carthaginian victory would re-establish its dominance of the
Mediterranean Sea, threatening Roman holdings in Corsica, Sardinia
and Sicily. By Jonathan Webb, 2012
41. Cape Ecnomus, 256 BC Strength Romans Well Carthaginians
Well Marcus Atilius Regulus 230 quinqueremes Hamilcar 200
quinqueremes By Jonathan Webb, 2012 Lucius Manlius Vulso
Longus
42. Romans (Regulus/Manlius) Carthaginians (Hamilcar) NN Corvus
The Romans deploy in four squadrons in a compact mass with a
leading wedge formation. Two squadrons comprise the leading wedge,
Regulus commanding the left, Manlius the right. A third squadron
tows the transports just behind the wedge, followed by the veteran
triarii squadron further to the rear. The Roman consuls plan to
smash through any enemy fleet and push on to North Africa. Hamilcar
deploys his fleet in three groups; he commands the center while
pushing two columns to his left and right out beyond the Roman
line. Hamilcar places the right wing under Hanno and gives him the
fastest, most agile ships. Hamilcar plans to lure the Roman fleet
in to engage the Carthaginian center while the wings envelop and
destroy the tight Roman mass. Upon sighting the Carthaginian fleet,
the Roman consuls do exactly as Hamilcar wants: hastily surge ahead
to engage. Hamilcar turns the ships at his center around to lead
the Roman into the trap as his wings sail past the Roman leading
wedge formation. However, the Roman squadron towing the transports
is not able to keep up with the Roman consuls squadrons, also
slowing the triarii squadron down behind it; the result is a
significant gap between the leading and rear squadrons. The Roman
rear squadrons veer right and left to try and form a line of
battle. Hamilcar Manlius Regulus Hanno Manlius Hanno Hamilcar
orders the Carthaginian center to turn and engage the pursuing
Roman squadrons as the Carthaginian wings bear down on their
intended targets, albeit further to the rear than anticipated. The
third Roman squadron releases the transports in tow and maneuvers
to hit the Carthaginian left wings left flank. The transports head
back to base although some get tied up with the triarii squadron;
this disorders part of the triarii squadron while the other part
engages the Carthaginian right wing at a disadvantage.. The
Carthaginian center is performing poorly against the Roman corvus,
an ingenious boarding device, but is so far holding its position.
Meanwhile, the Roman right wing skilfully backs itself against the
shore line, protecting its flanks and rear from the more agile
Carthaginian ships and deterring them with a frontage of corvi;
this creates a stalemate on this sector. The Roman triarii squadron
on the left finally disentangles itself from the transports but is
being outmanoeuvred and taking losses to the strong Carthaginian
right wing under Hanno. The Carthaginian center breaks and flees
against Roman grappling and boarding tactics. Manlius squadron
secures the many captured ships while Regulus turns around to hit
the Carthaginian right wing in rear and save the hard-pressed
triarii squadron. Meanwhile, the battle near the shore remains a
stalemate with the Carthaginian ships unwilling to fully engage the
Roman corvi. Regulus Hit in rear by Regulus, the Carthaginian right
wing under Hanno breaks and flees. Regulus then leads his squadron
to hit the Carthaginian left wing in rear. Having secured the
prizes, Manlius joins Regulus in surrounding the Carthaginian left
wing, which subsequently surrenders. Manlius Regulus Romans (Marcus
Atilius Regulus/ Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus) 230 quinqueremes
Carthaginians (Hamilcar) 200 quinqueremes The Romans were aware of
their naval inferiority and inexperience even before the First
Punic War 264-241 BC, and thus introduced a boarding device to make
their grappling tactics more effective. The corvus is comprised of
a 1.2 by 10.9m wooden bridge with a metal spike at the ends
underside. A pulley system drops the spike on the enemys deck,
clasping the two ships together, allowing Roman legionnaires to
rush across. The corvus thus converts Roman proficiency on land to
the sea battle.
43. Cape Ecnomus, 256 BC Casualties & Aftermath Romans:
Carthaginians: 24 or 10% 94 or 47% By Jonathan Webb, 2012 The Roman
victory allowed their invasion of North Africa to take place
unthreatened. In 255 BC, Regulus defeated a Carthaginian army at
the Battle of Adys but severe peace terms forced Carthage to
continue the war. That same year, Spartan mercenary Xanthippus
arrived in Carthage and led its army to victory over Regulus at the
Battle of Tunes, forcing a Roman withdrawal from the continent. A
storm then destroyed most of the Roman fleet and remaining army
before it arrived in Sicily, allowing Carthage to recover. The war
continued until 241 BC when the Romans decisively won the naval
Battle of the Aegates Islands, and the war.
44. By 241 BCE, the Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy.
Rome gets Sicily.
45. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Carthage vowed revenge. Carthage
decides to would bring the war to Rome.
46. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Hannibal, one of the most
brilliant generals of all times, and his army cross into Spain and
moves east.
47. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE He crosses the Alp mountains with
an army of 46,000 men, cavalry, and 37 War elephants.
48. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE He arrived on the other side of
the Alps with about 25,000 troops and only 2 or 3 elephants.
49. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans send 7 legions
(40,000) to crush Hannibal.
50. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE In 218 BCE, the Romans send 7
legions (40,000) to crush Hannibal.
51. Battle of Trebia December 218 BC Strategic Context Hannibal
Barca negates Roman control of the seas by leading the
Carthaginians through Spain to attack Roman territory. Hannibal
defeats a Roman army under Scipio Africanus at the Ticinus River
while another under Tiberius Sempronius departs Sicily to combine
forces. Since the link is established, the two armies camp on
opposite sides of the Trebia River. Hannibal sends his cavalry to
provoke the brave but impulsive Sempronius and succeeds; the Romans
wade across the frigid Trebia River to meet the Carthaginians in
battle who meanwhile warm by the fire and await their adversaries
Stakes + A Carthaginian victory would shake Roman confidence and
summon disgruntled Roman allies to the Carthaginian cause. + A
Roman victory would deny the Carthaginians a secure base in Italy.
By Jonathan Webb, 2009 No Image Available
52. The Trebia, 218 BC Strength Carthaginians Well Romans
Severely cold 4,000 cavalry 36,000 infantry Tiberius Sempronius
Longus 10,000 cavalry 20,000 infantry Hannibal By Jonathan Webb,
2009 2 war elephants
53. Romans (Sempronius) Carthaginians (Hannibal) NN Sempronius
deploys his veteran legionnaire infantry in the center, flanked by
his Gallic allied infantry and then his cavalry. Hannibal deploys
his infantry in a thin line in the center, flanked by his elephants
and then his cavalry. He detaches a cavalry force under Mago to
remain unseen in a ravine near the Roman left and to only reveal
his position at the most opportune time. Sempronius sends his
infantry forward in typical Roman fashion: steady and in good
order. They dismiss the Carthaginian elephants but are unable to
decisively push the outnumbered Carthaginian infantry backwards.
Meanwhile, Hannibal counterattacks the Roman cavalry with his own
and succeeds in bending back the Roman line by the flanks. Hannibal
transfers his elephants to his left and attacks; the Roman cavalry
are defeated and now the Gallic allied infantry guarding the Roman
flanks come under attack. Mago emerges from hiding to sweep behind
the Roman rear to complete the encirclement. Meanwhile, the Roman
infantry desperately batter the opposing Carthaginian infantry.
Hannibal becomes preoccupied with reducing the trapped Roman pocket
by way of assaulting its flanks. Roman infantry in the center are
thus able to slice through the Carthaginian infantry line and
escape along with Sempronius himself. The remaining Roman units are
annihilated fighting or drowned trying to escape. Romans (Tiberius
Sempronius Longus) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry Carthaginians
(Hannibal Barca) 20,000 infantry 10,000 cavalry 2 war elephants
Mago Hannibal
54. The Trebia, 218 BC Casualties & Aftermath
Carthaginians: Romans: 5,000 or 16% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb,
2009 Both sides quietly retreated to winter quarters to rest,
Sempronius only telling the Roman Senate that he had entered battle
but did not achieve victory due to poor weather. By spring the next
year, Sempronius and Scipio were replaced as consuls; their
successors fared no better at the Battle of Lake Trasimene as
Hannibal
55. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Rome raises and sends another
army of 13 legions to stop him. Most of the Italians stayed loyal
to Rome.
56. Lake Trasimene June 24, 217 BC Strategic Context The 30,000
Carthaginians are faced with two Roman consular armies of 40,000
and 20,000 respectively, blocking their way to the capital.
Hannibal Barca leads the Carthaginians across the dangerous, snowy
Appenine passes and then the exhausting Arnus marshes. He thus
outflanks both consular armies and prevents any link up between
them. Gaius Flaminius, leader of the larger army, immediately
marches south to seek battle and obtain all the glory for defeating
Hannibal. Stakes + A Carthaginian victory would allow Hannibal to
march south and establish a base closer to the Roman capital. + A
Roman victory would deny the Carthaginians a secure base in Italy.
By Jonathan Webb, 2008 No Image Available
57. Lake Trasimene, 217 BC Strength Carthaginians Well Romans
Well 4,000 cavalry 36,000 infantry Tiberius Sempronius Longus 8,000
cavalry 22,000 infantry Hannibal By Jonathan Webb, 2008
58. Romans (Flaminius) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Flaminius
deploys his force in column formation, heavy infantry acting as an
advance guard and cavalry as the rearguard. Hannibal deploys an
infantry unit in plain view of anyone entering the ravine to serve
as bait and his remaining force uphill out of sight to serve as the
ambush. NN Romans (Gaius Flaminius) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry
Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 22,000 infantry 8,000 cavalry
Flaminius orders the long column forward in the hopes of surprising
the Carthaginian camp. Hannibal meanwhile waits for the Roman
column to be completely astride the lake and for the daily morning
mist to shroud the Roman soldiers vision. The Roman advance guard
vaguely spots the Carthaginian camp at the eastern end of the
ravine and charges forward. It is now that Hannibal springs the
trap; the main Carthaginian force charges downhill with a
thunderous cry. The cavalry sweep around the Roman rear to cut off
any retreat and then the infantry smash the Roman flanks. The Roman
soldiers are blind to the disaster unfolding around them and can
barely form ranks to even fight. The Romans do not recover from the
initial shock and panic and are slaughtered along with their
commander, Flaminius. Only the advance guard and some lucky
infantry are able to scatter into the mountains.
59. Lake Trasimene, 217 BC Casualties & Aftermath
Carthaginians: Romans: 1,500 or 5% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb,
2008 Hannibal was able to ambush and destroy an entire Roman army
at little cost but could not exploit the victory. Hannibal marched
south in the hopes of being joined by cities and tribes he
considered to be vassals but was disappointed. The Roman Senate was
shocked by the loss of another field army and consequently
appointed Quintus Fabius as Dictator. Fabius soon gained the
nickname as the Delayer for his avoidance of Hannibal and scorched
earth tactics that gained Rome the time to create yet another field
army, 87,000 strong; it met Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.
60. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Rome refused to surrender and
raised another army.
61. 216 BCE Battle of Cannae 87,000 Romans and Allied troops
met Hannibal with less than 54,000 troops.
62. Battle of Cannae
63. Battle of Cannae
64. Battle of Cannae
65. Battle of Cannae Rome's worst defeat.
66. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans send 7 legions
(40,000) to crush Hannibal.
67. In Italy Hannibal could not take of Rome because of its
walls. He ravaged Italy for decades, but the Italians remained
loyal to Rome.
68. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The Romans raised two
armies.
69. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE The second army (Scipio) pushed
the Carthaginians out of Spain.
71. 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCE Carthage recalled Hannibal from
Italy.
72. Zama October 19, 202 BC By Jonathan Webb, 2009 Scipio
Africanus Hannibal
73. Zama, 202 BC Strength Romans Well Carthaginians Well Scipio
Africanus 29,000 infantry 36,000 infantry Hannibal Barca 80 war
elephants 4,000 cavalry6,500 cavalry By Jonathan Webb, 2009
74. Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Laelius Masinissa
Tychaeus Hannibal Hannibal deploys his infantry in three lines with
his hardened veterans occupying the rear line and his mercenaries
and levies occupying the front two lines. He deploys his war
elephants and skirmishers in front of the infantry and the cavalry
on the wings. Scipio deploys his infantry in three lines as well:
hastati in the front, then principes and finally veteran triarii.
Scipio leaves wide lanes between his formations but hides the gaps
with skirmishers. He deploys his cavalry on the wings, Masinissa
commanding the stronger right wing. Hannibal knows Scipios cavalry
is superior and gives orders to his cavalry to lure the Roman
cavalry far away from the battlefield if defeated. Hannibal charges
with his war elephants and skirmishers which are confronted by
Roman skirmishers. As the war elephants approach the Roman lines,
Scipio orders the cavalry to blow loud horns to frighten the beasts
which partly succeeds; many elephants turn about and flee. The
Carthaginian left wing is stampeded by rampaging elephants,
completely disordering it. Masinissa promptly charges the
Carthaginian left wing and drives it from the field. Frightened
elephants continue to rampage into the Carthaginian ranks,
disordering the right wing cavalry. Laelius also seizes the
opportunity to charge the Carthaginian right wing and drive it from
the field. Meanwhile, Roman skirmishers harass the remaining war
elephants and carefully lure them down the wide lanes in the
infantry to be destroyed in the rear. Scipio Scipio redresses his
ranks to form a continuous battle line and advances. Hannibal meets
the Roman infantry with only his first two lines of infantry.
Romans (Scipio Africanus) 29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry
Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry
NN
75. NN Scipio Hannibal Scipio redresses his ranks to form a
continuous battle line and advances. Hannibal meets the Roman
infantry with only his first two lines of infantry. The Roman
hastati eventually defeat the Carthaginian front infantry line
which must retreat. However, Hannibal orders is second line
infantry to not allow the first line into their ranks resulting in
a few initial skirmishes between friendly troops. Trapped between
their own second line and the Roman hastati, the Carthaginian front
line is slaughtered although some escape to settle on the wings.
The Carthaginian second line counterattacks aggressively, pushing
the Roman hastati backwards until reinforced by the principes. A
fierce struggle ensues but the Carthaginian infantry are again
defeated and forced to retreat. Hannibal does not allow these
troops to mingle with his rear line but most have the sense to
redeploy on the wings. Hannibals cavalry appears to be carrying out
its orders magnificently as there is no sign of the Roman cavalry.
Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal) Romans (Scipio Africanus)
29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000
infantry 4,000 cavalry
76. NN Scipio Triarii TriariiPrincipesHastatiPrincipes Scipio
and Hannibal pause briefly to reorganize their formations. Scipio
leisurely deploys the principes on the inner wings and the triarii
on the outer wings for a balanced line which slightly overlaps the
Carthaginian line. Hannibal knows an advance over the corpse-filled
battlefield would be difficult and opts to wait for Scipio to
attack his veteran infantry line. Scipio orders an advance over the
gory battlefield. A violent and costly infantry struggle infantry
ensues. Neither side appears to be gaining an advantage and the
decision remains in great doubt to both commanders. As the infantry
battle reaches a climax, the Roman cavalry finally return to attack
the Carthaginians in the rear. In an instant, the Carthaginian
infantry are annihilated where they stand or violently pursued from
the battlefield. Hannibal Romans (Scipio) Carthaginians (Hannibal)
Romans (Scipio Africanus) 29,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry
Carthaginians (Hannibal Barca) 36,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry
77. Zama, 202 BC Casualties & Aftermath Romans:
Carthaginians: 5,000 or 14% 30,000 or 75% By Jonathan Webb, 2009
Hannibal escaped to convince the Carthaginian senate to sue for
peace. Carthage was forced to surrender its fleet, cede land to
Masinissas Numidia and pay severe reparations to Rome. Hannibal was
allowed to continue playing a role in Carthaginian politics. In
fact, he was so successful in Carthages recovery
78. In 202 BCE, the Romans crushed Hannibals forces at
Zamma.
79. Zama October 19, 202 BC
80. The Macedonians Kingdom of Antigonus allied with
Carthage.
81. Pydna June 22, 168 BC Strategic Context Following the death
of Philip V of Macedon in 179 BC, Perseus of Macedon hopes to renew
his fathers ambition of conquering Greece. This leads to tensions
and eventual war with Pergamum, which is expanding quickly under
the leadership of King Eumenes. Rome, more concerned with
Macedonian power and its alliances with anti-Roman factions in
Thrace, sides with Pergamum, resulting in an indecisive war 171-170
BC. Dissatisfied with this result, the Roman Senate appoints Lucius
Aemilius Paullus as commander of the army to properly subdue
Macedon. In June 168 BC, Paullus advances, outflanking Macedonian
mountain positions, and forcing Perseus to retreat to Pydna. There
the two armies encamp for days until a skirmish erupts into a full-
scale battle. Stakes + A Macedonian victory would preserve its
existence and end Roman influence in Greece. + A Roman victory
would effectively end Macedonian independence and pacify Greece. By
Jonathan Webb, 2011
82. Pydna, 168 BC Strength Macedonians Well Romans Well Perseus
20,000 legionnaires21,000 phalangites Lucius Aemilius Paullus
19,000 other infantry 4,000 cavalry 2,000 cavalry 15,000 other
infantry By Jonathan Webb, 2011 22 war elephants
83. Macedonians (Perseus) Romans (Paullus) NN Paullus deploys
alongside his experienced heavy infantry, the legionnaires, at the
center. They are flanked by lighter infantry on each side, Greek
allies on their left, Latin allies on their right. Paullus places
his few cavalry on each flank, and his war elephants on the right
wing. Perseus deploys his compact infantry phalanx at the center.
It is flanked by lighter infantry on each side, mercenaries on its
left, Thracians on its right. Perseus deploys an experimental
anti-elephant unit opposite the Roman war elephants in the hopes of
neutralizing them; Perseus holds his cavalry back on each wing
awaiting the result of this experiment, himself occupying a
position on the right wing. Perseus orders his infantry forward
without committing his cavalry. The Thracians on the right surge
ahead of the slow-moving phalanx to engage Paullus Greek allied
infantry. The Macedonian phalanx advances gradually as a single
mass, pinning down the Roman legionnaires and gaining an early
advantage with its long spears over their swords. The Pelignians,
stationed with the Latin allied infantry, attempt a counter-attack
their commander resorting to tossing their standard into the enemy
ranks to incite them but are repulsed with heavy loss and pushed
back by the Macedonian mercenaries. The Macedonian phalanx simply
pushes the Roman legionnaires back, their long spears continuing to
outrange the Roman sword. However, as the Roman legionnaires fall
back, the Macedonian phalanx becomes increasingly disordered as it
advances over rough hilly terrain. The tight, dense formation
begins to show disruption and breaks in its cohesion; a gap between
the phalanx and the left wing also widens as the Roman war
elephants prepare to enter the battle. Paullus orders the
legionnaires to break down into smaller units to infiltrate the
disrupted phalanx though many of which are already doing so on
their own initiative. The Roman legionnaires exploit any and all
gaps, forcing the Macedonian phalangites to drop their long spears
and resort to their ineffective short swords. The Roman attack is
particularly effective on the phalanxs exposed left flank. Paullus
also orders a war elephant charge which routs the anti-elephant
corps and threatens the entire Macedonian left wing. With war
elephants on the field, Perseus cannot commit his cavalry and
influence the battle. The Roman war elephants smash the Macedonian
mercenaries, hitting their left flank and rear. Meanwhile, the
Roman legionnaires continue to slaughter the Macedonian phalangites
as their formation disintegrates and routs; only a small unit of
the phalanx maintains its resolve and fights to the last. With the
collapse of the phalanx, Perseus and the cavalry flee. Macedonians
(Perseus) 21,000 phalangites 19,000 other infantry 4,000 cavalry
Romans (Lucius Aemilius Paullus) 20,000 legionnaires 15,000 other
infantry 2,000 cavalry 22 war elephants
84. Pydna, 168 BC Casualties & Aftermath Macedonians:
Romans: 31,000 or 70% 1,000 or 3% By Jonathan Webb, 2011 The Romans
captured Perseus shortly after the battle, ending the war. The
Roman Senate decided to deal with Macedon harshly to avoid any
future troubles, occupying its territory and disarming is citizens.
The Romans imprisoned anyone believed to have been involved with
Perseus indefinitely and even vilified King Eumenes of Pergamum,
whose territory became a Roman vassal as a result of the power
shift in the region. In 150 BC, Macedon again became a problem for
Rome when Andriscus claimed to be heir to Perseus and led a popular
uprising; the uprising was crushed once again near Pydna in 148
BC.
85. Third Punic War 146BCE For 10 days, Roman legions burned
and demolished all of the citys buildings. Population sold into
slavery. North Africa becomes a Roman province.
86. In 148 BCE, Rome made Macedonia into a province.
87. The new conquests of Rome were wars of plunder. Provinces
were stripped of wealth, the people often made slaves, and leaders
sent to Rome.