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early development in data processing
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Early Development in Electronic
Data Processing
The Bachelor of Science in Office
Administration
To be presented by:
Group 1
Grace
Kenelyn
Mhel
Dhang
Natz
Ghel
Early Computing
Device
Abacus
Often credited to China but actuallystarted from Babylonia
Napier's Bones
John Napier by:
Slide Rule
William Oughtred by:
Pascal’s
Calculator
Blaise Pascalby:
Leibniz Calculator
Gottfried Leibnizby:
JACQUARD’S WEAVING LOOM
Joseph Marie Jacquardby:
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Charles Babbage
by:
HOLLERITH’S PUNCH-CARD MACHINE
Herman Hollerith by:
Hollerith's technique was successful. He built a company, the Tabulating
Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.
IBM continued to develop mechanical calculators for sale to businesses
But the U.S. military desired a mechanical calculator more optimized for scientific computation to be used for battleships
That is why Howard Aiken began to work on Mark 1 with assistance of students and engineers of Harvard University and IBM.
Howard Aiken
(March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973) was a pioneer in computing
Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and later obtained hHoward Hathaway Aiken is PhD in physics at Harvard University in 1939
He envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could do much of the tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) and later renamed Harvard Mark I
Howard Hathaway Aiken
Mark 1
was completed and installed at Harvard in February, 1944.
50 ft long and8 ft. high With 700,000 moving parts or 50 ft
rotating shaft turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor
incorporated with 500 miles of wire ran non-stop for 15 years, sounding
like a roomful of ladies knitting
MARK 1
could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second
multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten seconds.
Even though the Mark I had three quarters of a million components, it could only store 72 numbers!
The first automatic general-purpose digital computer which is now displayed at the Harvard University.
MARK 1
Grace Hopper
Programmer of Mark 1 Started to use “bug” to describe a
defect of program Received credit for the word
“debugging” meaning “ to eliminate program faults”
invented the high-level language “flow-matic” in 1953 which later called COBOL one of the first modern programming languages
Constructed the first compiler, a program use to translate a high level language into binary language that a computer can read.
Remained an active Rear Admiral in the navy until she turned 79.
THE “BUG”
MARK 2
Completed on 1947 constructed with high-speed
electromagnetic relays instead of electro-mechanical counters used in the Mark
addition time was 125,000 microseconds
multiplication time was 750,000 microseconds
unique feature of the Mark II is that it had built-in hardware for several functions such as the reciprocal, square root, logarithm, exponential, and some trigonometric functions. These took between five and twelve seconds to execute.
The Mark II ran some realistic test programs in July 1947. It was delivered to the US Navy Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia in 1947 or 1948.
MARK 3
also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator)
was an early computer that was partially electronic and partially electromechanical consisted of 16 bits.
used 5,000 vacuum tubes and 1,500 crystal diodes.
used magnetic drum memory of 4,350 words.
addition time was 4,400 microseconds and the multiplication time was 13,200 microseconds
was finished in September 1949 and delivered to the U.S. Naval Proving Ground at the US Navy base at Dahlgren, Virginia in March 1950.
Harvard Mark IV was an electronic stored-program computer built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force.
The computer was finished being built in 1952. It stayed at Harvard, where the Air Force used it extensively.
MARK 4
But the title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator
ENIAC
was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert,
filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, 27,215.5422 kilograms and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
When operating, the ENIAC was silent but you knew it was on as the 18,000 vacuum tubes each generated waste heat like a light bulb and all this heat (174,000 watts of heat) meant that the computer could only be operated in a specially designed room with its own heavy duty air conditioning system.
Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator
To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that you can observe on the right.
To perform computation on ENIAC you had to rearrange a large number of patch cords and then locate three particular knobs on that vast wall of knobs and set them to 3, 1, and 4.
ENIAC was proved worthy of the cost of its development but its designers set about to eliminate the obnoxious fact that reprogramming the computer required a physical modification of all the patch cords and switches. It took days to change ENIAC's program. Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC
Thank you !!!
and that is to be presented to you by Group 2…