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Welcome
RENEWAL OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND ITS EFFECTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES
AGRICULTURE RENEWAL WITH ANCIENT AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
By: Dr. Pardeep Kumar, Scientist , ICAR- Indian Institute of Maize Research
Agricultural practices
Traditional Knowledge system Scientific SystemAll parts of the natural world are regarded as animate, all life forms as interdependent
Human life is generally regarded as superior, with a moral right to control other life forms
Knowledge is transmitted largely through oral media.
Knowledge is transmitted largely through the written word
Knowledge is developed and acquired through observation and practical experience
Knowledge is generally learned in a situation, which is remote from its applied context
Knowledge is holistic, intuitive, qualitative and practical
Knowledge is essentially reductionist, quantitative, analytical and theoretical
Knowledge is generated by resource users in a diachronic (long term) time scale
Knowledge is generated largely by specialist researchers on a synchronic (short term) time scale
The nature and status of particular knowledge is influenced by socio cultural factors such as spiritual beliefs, and is communally held
The nature and status of particular knowledge is influenced by peer review, and is held by individual specialists
Knowledge is used to make suitable decisions under variable conditions
Knowledge is used to put forward hypothesis and to verify underlying laws and constantsPrakash et al., Role of ITK in Conservation Agriculture: Blending Indigenous and
Scientific Knowledge
Plant protection measuresPotential of some of those old practices in
managing plant diseases “Vrikshayurveda” (the science of plant life): Detection of underground water; spacing between trees; methods of propagation; preparation of pits for planting; seed treatments; nourishment; protection; and some other relevant information.
There is only one ancient copy on palm leaves of Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda in the world preserved at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University, UK.
Birds- The earliest references about birds as pests were found in Rigveda
Rats- Atharvaveda, Kautilya’s Arthasastra
Surpala, for the first time in the history of world agriculture classified plant disorders into two types: internal and external. External means heat, frost, stormy wind, excess water and fire.
Treatment based on prayers and mantras: written with red lac-dye and tied to the crop
To control diseases they practiced careful seed selection, crop rotation and avoided planting when the moon was full or the sun had a halo.
Practices using organic materialsSprinkling kunapa (liquid manure prepared from
parts of carcasses)Fumigation (smoking) by burning animal fat,
ghee, hemp, horse hair and cow’s hornSprinkling a decoction made out of panchamula
Internal Disorders Based on an Ayurvedic Concept
Controlling of three dhoshasVata: ghee; sprinkling of kunapa water, fumigation of
the mixture of fat of hog, ghee, hemp, hair of horses and cow’s horn
Kapha: bitter, strong and astringent decoction made out of Panchamula, paste of white mustard should be deposited at the root and trees should be watered with a mixture of sesame and ashes
Pitta: treat trees with cool and sweet substances-when watered by decoction of milk, honey
To remove insects both from the roots and branches of the trees, water the trees with cold water for seven days.
HoneyHoney is antimicrobial, used for treating wounds in plants and animals; contains proline, which induces systemic resistance in plants, increases contents of cytokinins and auxins, and protects against stresses – salt, drought, etc.
Milk Indigenous ancient tool
against plant diseases Amino acids viz. proline,
isoleucein and phenyl alanine in milk induce resistance against plant diseases
Phenolic anti-microbials are also present Potassium phosphate content strengthens host immune system against diseases
MustardBlack mustard
(Brassica nigra) seeds are broken, the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on a glucosinolate known as sinigrin to give allyl isothiocyanate. Likewise the white mustard [Brassica (Synapsis) alba] seeds yield sinalbin.
Neem
The bitter taste of neem is due to the presence of compounds called limnoids or limonoids (triterpenoids).
modify the biological processes of harmful insects
antifeedant effect, larval repellent, oviposition
Panchamula
Suggested procedures for crop yield increase and disease management basedon recommendations made in Vrikshayurvedas
Weather forecasting and Irrigation system
Rainfall was thus viewed as victory of the divine and pious over the demonic and evil forces of nature
The faith in Rita: deities by offering oblations and prayers
In Yajurveda, importance of sacrifices performed for rains enhanced a great deal.
Sacrifices like kariri were performed specifically for rain
Parashara's main technique of forecasting rain was based on the positions of the Moon and the Sun in the sky.
In Atharvaveda, a better and more objective understanding of the phenomenon of rain and other natural forces is noticed
suggestion of rainwater harvesting and five sources of water: Desert (occasional showers), ponds, wells, pots, and seasonal rains
Untimely rain or absence or excess of rain is considered resulting from sin.
Prayers to presiding deities of water urge them not to favor the rivals.
Parashara’s unit for measuring rain was ‘adhaka’.
Distribution of rainfall on earth is as follows: (i) 50% in the ocean; (ii) 30% on the mountains; (iii) 20% on earth. The agriculturists were required to plan their farming to 20% of the total rainfall.
Methods of purifying water: - Boiling - Heating in the sun - Dipping red hot iron ball - Dipping heated brickSoil and its effect on taste of water: - Red soil: Sweet - Tawny: Sour - Pale yellow: Saline - Blue: Bitter - Yellow: Pungent - White: Astringent
Old Drip Irrigation System
Farm implements and soil• Ancient literature of the subcontinent did
not miss out on farm implements. Vedas describe a simple bullock drawn wooden plow, both light and heavy, with an iron bar attached as a plowhshare to open the soil.
• Plow – the physical disturbance of soil using large farm “implements” that are dragged through the soil either by “work animals” or machines
• They shape the land for efficient planting, but they destroy the soil structure thus making it more prone to erosion and loss of fertility.
DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALSCattle is the only animal species, found in
every age and in every clime from the earliest traces of domestic animals e.g. humped and humpless (Zebu earliest)
Domestication of animal came into practice under nomadic pastoralism which is presumed to have been adopted for animal skin for mending of leathern bag serving the purpose of container or food and stone-tools.
The cattle to the settlement was followed by a 'fire rite' in which the cattle was made to pass‘ the 'bon fIre' from the burning of cowdung. The object of this rite was in all probability t warding off diseases from the body of cattle. It was performed at the beginning of rainy season
Animal feeding : The cultivation of horse-gram
Seed TreatmentAbout 2000 years ago, Parashara (Sadhale,
1999) recommended (i) proper drying of seed, (ii) freedom from the seeds of weeds, (iii) visual seed uniformity, (iv) storing seeds in strong bags, and (v) storing seed where white ants would not have access
seed treatments (e.g., cowdung, honey, and ghee) to ensure good germination
pelleting of seed with flours of rice, black gram, and sesame
and fumigating them with turmeric powder to ensure good germination.
Seeds collected and thrashed on new
moon day (Amawasia) for
sowing in the next season are usually
not infested by pest and pathogens
ManuresKrishiParashara, it is stated that crops grown
without manure will not give yieldKautilya mentioned use of cowdung, animal
bones, fishes, and milk as manureUse of kunapajalaa liquid ferment from animal wastes that
contained animal flesh, dung, urine, bones, marrow, and skin, the fermented product contained basic constituents such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, keratins, macro- and (almost all) micronutrients in available
Soil/land classificationRigveda identified productive and
nonproductive soilsSurapala's Vrikshayurveda (c. 1000 AD)
(Sadhale, 1996) mentions three types of land – jangala (arid), anupa (marshy), and samanya (ordinary) – further subdivided by color into black, white, pale, dark red, red, and yellow and by taste into sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter, and astringent.
Conservation agricultureRigveda: earth, air, water, fire these should be
in balanced conditionKrishi-parshara: soil management, seed health,
farm management, water harvesting and conservation, and maintenance of implements.
Kautilya’s artha-sastra: intercropping of any medicinal plant with field crop, waste land utilization was planting cucurbits on river banks
Virkshayurveda:
It is a healing fire from the ancient science of ‘Atharvaveda’.
It is a process of purifying the atmosphere through a specially prepared fire performed at sunrise and sunset daily.
It envolves burning of specific organic substances like cows ghee, rice grains, twigs of plant like peepal, bael etc.
History of “Homa Farming”?
It is also known as the “Maharishi” vedic organic agriculture since it was earlier mentioned in ‘Atharvaved’ and it had been Practiced successfully by ‘Rishi and maharishis’.The science and believes behind it:-Utilizing the healing fire, holy ash & vedic sounds, the sounds of natural law to awaken the inner intelligence of the plant and promote a peaceful , healthy life for all who eat them.
The chanting of mantaras removes negative energies from the environment
Copper pyramid:receiver andsender of subtlehealing energies
Energy is being disperced
Is sent to the atmosphere
Comes back to the receptacle
AGNIHOTRAFIRE
The pyramid affects an area of 40 hectares, which is the area in a radius of 357 m.
BASIC FIRE AGNIHOTRA
CREATES THE MAIN HEALING CYCLE
BIOSPHERE 12 KM
CAPTURED
The plant gives a Biofeedback to the
atmosphere
TAKES NUTRIENTSAND PRANIC ENERGIES
RESONANCE PYRAMID
357 m
SUNRISEAND SUNSET
Solar Energies
Energy is being disperced
Brings nutrients to all LIFE:
PLANTANIMALHUMAN
MOUNTAINS
SOIL
LAKE - WATER
How does Agnihotra work?
ADVANTAGE
It is a total and complete organic farming with assured yield
Produces healthy soils ,healthy plant life and healthy yield
Restores natural taste , color and flavor of the yields the cooking quality of
rice and other cereals improved very much
Reduces incidence of pests and disease and there by the need of pest control
measure
Poison – free fodder and food no environmental pollution and ecological
disturbance safe to handle by the plant protectors these are cost effective (200-
300)less than chemicals so it very much helpful to small and marginal farmers
leads to sustainable agriculture
Zero Budget Spiritual Farming (ZBSF)
• The movement in Karnataka state was born out of collaboration between Mr Subhash Palekar, who put together the ZBNF practices, and the state farmers association
Zero Budget spiritual Farming means for all the crops, the production cost will be zero
In the Zero Budget Natural Farming nothing has to be purchased from the outside
For more information go to the following link:http://www.palekarzerobudgetspiritualfarming.org/zbnf.aspx
Conclusion...
Source of Information:Raychaudhuri S.P. and Roy M. Agriculture in Ancient India: A
Report. ICAR, New Delhi.Asian Agri-History Foundation (Asian Agri-History Journal)http://www.palekarzerobudgetspiritualfarming.org/zbnf.aspxAgriculture in Ancient India: By Sun Staffhttp://www.indianscience.org/essays/t_es_goyal_crop.shtmlShamarao Jahagirdar et al., Traditional Methods In The
Management Of Plant Diseases - A Review(2003) Agric. Rev., 24 (2) ; 142 – 146.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e0a.htmhttp://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_miscellaneous.html
#hfTamboli P M and NeneY L: Science in India with Special
Reference to Agriculture, Ved Aalok E-Patrika, Rohtak (Haryana)
THANK YOU