Biology and DNA Review

Honors Human

Anatomy and Physiology

Organic Chemistry

4 major types of organic compounds (“molecules of life”)–Carbohydrates

–Lipids

–Nucleic acids

–Proteins

The Big Picture…

DNA

Nucleic Acid– Contains hereditary information– protein made when DNA is expressed

• Hair color, eye color, tissues, enzymes, etc

Deoxyribonucleic acid– Monomer = nucleotide

• Sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

Structure of DNA

Double Helix

– Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

– Nitrogenous base “rungs”

DNA to Protein – 2 steps

Transcription– DNA --> RNA– Complementary base pairing rules (uracil

instead of thymine)– nucleus

Translation– RNA-->protein– Genetic code– ribosomes

Genes and Proteins

Genes = specific sequences of DNA that “code” for a particular proteinProteins are built by stringing together amino acids–Amino acid = building block (monomer)

of proteins.–Where do amino acids come from?

Why do we need this in Human Phys?

Mutations (mistakes) in DNA sometimes result in non-functioning or malfunctioning proteinsGenetic diseases or disorders may result.

DNA technology

Gene therapy/genetic counseling

Genetic diagnostics

Don’t Forget About the Cell!

Multicellular Organisms

Cells are specialized to perform particular functions.– One cell in a multicellular organism can

not do all of the functions of the whole organism.

– Cells work as “teams.”– Some cells move, react to the

environment, produce substances, transport substances, send signals, provide protection…

Specialized cells

Cell with specific function = specific organelles to accomplish that function– Example: Pancreatic cells produce

enzymes to help digest food.• What kind of molecule are enzymes?• What organelles do you think pancreatic

cells have a lot of?

Examples

Skin cells

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

Blood cells

Hierarchy of the Body

Atom

Molecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism (Human)