Composed by :

Nur Insiyah 123 221 225

Rizki Amilia Permata Sari 123 221 255

Rizki Sabilla Ramadhani 123 221 257

Discourse Analysis

Definition of Discourse

Differences between text and discourse

Notion of Discourse Analysis

Devices for Discourse

Cohesion

Coherence

Parallelism

Speech Event

Turn- taking

Coversational Analysis

Co-operative principle

Maxim

Quantity

Quality

Relevance

Manner

Hedges

Background Knowledge

Scheme

Script

Conclusion

1. Mohammad s. Zeidan (2004). Discourse is modes of speaking and writing which involve participants in adopting a particular attitude towards areas of socio-cultural activity.

2. Widdowson (1973). Discourse is viewed as a process. Meaning is derived through the reader’s interaction with the text.

3. Cook (1989). Discourse as streches of language perceived to be meaningful , unified, and purposive.

Discourse analysis, or text linguistics “is the

study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. It deals with how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units.”

1.Cohesion 2.Coherence 3.Parallelism

4.Speech Event5. Turn- Taking6.Conversational

Analysis

7. Co- operative principle 8. Hedges 9. Background

Knowledge

Cohesion is grammatical relationship between parts of the sentences essential for its interpretation.

Example :

My father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it

by saving every penny he could. That car would be

worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to

help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think I’d

rather have the convertible.

The words above is general connection by number of

word “money”

Coherence is the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.

Example:Betty : That’s the telephoneMike : I’m in bathBetty : O.K

Parallelism is equivalence between the phrase contardiction that has two different meanings in one sentence.

Example:

“The woman who has bad-faced and the woman who

has beautiful-faced have the same human right”

In that sentence the woman who has bad-faced and the woman who has beautiful-faced both of them have the same human right.

Speech event is about taking part in conversation, or any other speech event

Instance of a social practice in which discourse plays a primary role

example: argument, debate, lecture, chat,interview, various types of discussions.

Turn- Taking is some style and different strategies of participant in conversation of these strategies seem to be the source of what is some-times described by participants. The participants characterized as ‘rude’ or ‘shy’ in this way may simply be adhering to slightly different conventions of turn-taking.

Example: I mean his other… emm his later films were much

more… err really more in the romantic style and that was more

what he was… you know… emm best at doing

Conversation Analysis is activity in which, for the most part, two or more people take turns at speaking. Typically, only one person speaks at a time and there tends to be an avoidance of silence between speaking turns. (This is not true in all situations or societies). If more than one participant tries to talk at the same time, one of them usually stops.

Example: A: Didn’t you know where he was going?B: [he was going to shopping center for a moment.A: [Ok. But he must’ve been there by two p.m.

Co-operative principle is stated in the following way: “make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

See at the next slide.....

Maxim of quantity is make your contribution as informative as is required but not more , or less than is required.

Example:

( 1) The Blind is the worker squeeze.

( 2) a person who cannot see is

really the worker squeeze.

Maxim of quality is do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence

Example A : how much/many maxim cooperation according to Grice?B : According to book Grice which I read, there is four maxim in principle work is of equal.A : What kind of Maxim that’s all?B : They are: Maxim Amount, maxim quality, maxim relevance and maxim way of ( execution).

Maxim of relevance is be relevant

Example:

A : There is somebody at the doorB : I’m in the bath.

Maxim of manner is be clear . brief and orderly

Example:

A: Let’s stop and get something to eat.B: Okey, but not M-C-D-O-N-A-L-D-S

Hedges is used certain types of expressions, called hedges, to show that we are concerned about following the maxims while being co-operative participants in conversations.

Example :“Are you sure...?” (someone’s expression cause distrust for something)“Oh... I’m sorry to hear that” (someone’s expression cause sad feeling)

Background Knowledge is the processes involvedwhich presented readers with a short text, one sentence at a time .

Example :John was on his way to school last FridayHe was really worried about the math lesson

Trying not to be out of the office for long, Suzy went into the nearest place, sat down and ordered an avocado sandwich. It was quite crowded, but the service was fast, so she left a good tip. Back in the office, things were not going well.

Scheme :1. The woman who went to restaurant is Suzy2. Suzy was an office girl3. She went to the restaurant.4. She ate an avocado sandwich.5. Finally she is back to the office.

Script :1. We would assume that

Suzy opened a door to get 2. Into the restaurant, 3. That there were tables there, 4. That she ate the sandwich, 5. Then she paid for it, and so on. (back to the office)

Check this following example by scheme and script :