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DESIGN THEORIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF
ENGINEERS-ARCHITECTS
PIER LUIGI NERVIABOUT PIER LUIGI NERVI :-
Born : June 21st 1891 at Sondrio Dead : January 9th 1979 at Rome
o An outstanding author of structural architectures .o Continued a line of research initially developed by pioneers engineers like François
Hennebique and subsequently, among others, Robert Maillart in Switzerland.o Nervi was both designer and constructor, and he blended the art and science of
building using reinforced concrete.
PIER LUIGI NERVIS CONCEPT :-
o Nervi’s concept of structure is similar to that of the Classical period, when the architect inspired and was involved in every part of the process, although of course, he employed completely different methods.
o In the majority of his projects Nervi remained faithful to conventional reinforced concrete .
o a material that can be easily molded and is resistant to both compression and tension – while limiting the use of pre-stressed concrete.
o On the other hand, he made use of the extraordinary freedom offered by prefabrication of structural components
WORKS OF PIER LUIGI NERVI :-
o Nervi based his work on sound design construction experience on an intelligent intuitiveness with a permanent intense attention to the relationships between structure and shape.o This creates a kind of general expressivity in which every part of the structure is
designed precisely according to the internal forces to which it is subject, and the role it plays is clearly demonstrated in the overall project
o Nervi’s first magnificent works were a stadium built in Florence in 1930 and a series of hangars with an area of 4,000 sq m each, built between 1935 and 1940.
The construction of iconic project by Nervi, the Labour Palace in Turin,
1960 (Archivio Storico Fiat, Turin)
WORKS OF PIER LUIGI NERVI :-
o After the war Nervi designs and builds some of his most relevant works for industrial and civil buildings (the Pirelli skyscraper in Milan with Gio Ponti, the Papal Audience Hall in the Vatican), exhibition halls and sport structures, in particular in connection with the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome.
o Since the fifties Nervi becomes the most important Italian designer at the international level with works in
Europe (the Unesco headquarters in Paris), North and South America (the George Washington bus terminal in New York St.Mary Cathedral in San Francisco, the stock exchange tower in Montreal, the Italian embassy in Brasilia, etc.), and in Australia (Australia tower in Sidney).
Pier Luigi Nervi under the Viaduct of Corso Francia, Rome, ca. 1960, photo Oscar Savio
BUCKMINISTER FULLERABOUT BUCKIE FULLER :-
Born : 12 July 1895 in Milton,Massachusetts,USA. Died :1 July 1983 in Los Angeles , California,USA.o He is well known as R Buckminister Fuller (or Buckie Fuller)o He was famed as an engineer, mathematician and architect.o He found himself proving that: ... technology could save the World from itself, providing it is properly used .• In 1927 he designed the Dynaxion House which was intended to house the
technology needed for people to live.• With its wire construction it was in no way intended to be aesthetic but aimed to be
a totally practical machine to live in.
WORKS OF BUCKIE FULLER :-
o For many years Fuller worked on ideas for buildings, eventually arriving at the structure for which he is most famous.
o He examined a vectorial system of geometry Energetic- Synergetic geometry based on the tetrahedron which provides maximum strength with minimum
structure.o This led to his patent of a geodesic dome in 1947o Over 200,000 of such domes have been built, the most famous example being the United States pavilion at the 1967 international exhibition at Montreal.
BOOKS AND RESEARCH OF BUCKIE FULLER :-
o Fuller was the author of many books, including Nine chains to the Moon (1938) which was his first book No more second-hand, God (1962) Utopia or oblivion (1969), and Education automation.o Fuller was research professor at Carbondale, Southern Illinois University, from
1959 to 1968.o He was appointed as Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry at Harvard University
in 1962.o In 1968 he became a university professor at Southern Illinois University and
retained this post until he retired in 1975.
BUCKIE FULLERS ACHIEVEMENT :-
o Fuller was awarded many honors, including a fellowship of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
This Institute awarded him their Royal Gold Medal in 1968. He also received the Gold Medal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters
in 1968.o One of the most controversial architectural figures of our time he produced designs
for unprecedented types of structure which reflected his belief and optimism in the benefits of modern technology.
o Fuller - architect, engineer, inventor, philosopher, author, cartographer, geometrician, futurist, teacher, and poet
o Established a reputation as one of the most original thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.
o He conceived of man as a passenger in a cosmic spaceship – a passenger whose only wealth consists in energy and information.
FREI OTTOABOUT FREI OTTO:-
o FULL NAME IS FREI POUL OTTO.
o BORN ON 31ST MAY 1925,GERMANY.
o DIED ON 9TH MARCH 2015.
o COMPLETED HIS ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN.
ABOUT FREI OTTO:-
o PILOT IN WORLD WAR II.
o EXPERIMENT WITH TENTS.
o COMPLETED HIS STUDIES IN US.
CAREER OF FREI OTTO:-
o STARTED A PRIVATR PRACTICE IN GERMANY
o DOCTORATE IN TENSIONED CONSTRUCTION
ON 1954.
o OTTO SPECIALISED IN LIGHTWEIGHT TENSILE AND
MEMBRANE STRUCTURES AND PIONEERED ADVANCES IN
STRUCTURAL MATHAMATICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING.
BUILDINGS OF FREI OTTO:-o 1967 - WEST GERMANY PAVILION AT
EXPO 67 MONTREAL
o 1972 - ROOF FOR OLYMPIC STADIUM.
o 1975 – MULTIHALLE
BUILDINGS OF FREI OTTO:-
o 1977 - UMBRELLAS FOR PINK FLOYD TOUR.
o 1980 – AVIARY FOR MUNICH ZOO
GERMANY PAVILION AT EXPO 67
UMBRELLAS FOR PINK FLOYD TOUR.
MUNICH ZOO INTERIOR
AWARDS OF FREI OTTO:-
o 1974 – THOMAS JEFFERSON MEDAL IN
ARCHITECTURE.
o 1996 – WOLF PRIZE IN ARCHITECTURE.
AWARDS OF FREI OTTO:-
o 2005 – ROYAL GOLD MEDAL FOR
ARCHITECTURE BY RIBA
o 2006-PREMIUM IMPERIALE IN ARCHITECTURE.
o 2015- PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE PRIZE
Felix Candela
o Birth : Jan 27, 1910,Spaino Died : Dec 07, 1997,US
CANDELA’S CONCEPTS
o Candela inverted his umbrella form for the footings, a material saving strategy to distribute the weight of the structure onto the poor quality soil of Mexico City.
o Los Manantiales is still operated as a restaurant today, but the picturesque setting present at the time of construction has changed.
o Additional structures and a fence block views of the structure. o Piecemeal modifications, such as the application of a red waterproofing layer and
modifications at the supports blunt the clarity of form initially present.
WHAT CHANGE BY CANDALA’S DESIGNS :-
o With the design for Los Manantiales, Felix Candela’s experimental form finding gave rise to an efficient, elegant, and enduring work of structural art.
o Comprised of four intersecting hypars, a strikingly thin roof surface creates a dramatic dining space.
o Built as Candela was establishing an international reputation as the foremost shell building, he demonstrated to the world his masterful combination of artistry and technical virtuoso.
o Los Manantiales was created as Candela’s mastery thin-shell concrete construction was solidifying.
o Initially conceived for another client on a different site, the structure found realization as a replacement for a wooden restaurant alongside a floating gardens filled canal in the Xochimilco area of Mexico City
CANDELAS FORM OF WORKING:-
o His academic career was interrupted when the Spanish Civil War erupted, but his experiences restoring buildings for military use gave him first hand exposure to construction techniques.
o Candela’s later practice merged theoretical studies with careful consideration of building processes.
o During the war Candela was imprisoned, but given the opportunity to emigrate to Mexico as an exile.
o There, concrete was an increasingly popular building material that represented modernization, efficiency, and a break from the past for a people who had just gotten through their own political upheaval.
o Candela began building thin shell structures not for clients but as full scale experiments.
o Although he constructed some cylindrical forms, Candela working intensely with hyperbolic paraboloids, or hypars.
o Creating the trend toward reliance on complex mathematics, Candela developed forms where stresses could be determined with simple equations
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