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For the IB Biology course
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Assessment Statements Obj
631 Define pathogen 1
632 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses 3
633 Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defense against pathogens 2
634 Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and body tissues 2
635 Distinguish between antibodies and antigens 2
636 Explain antibody production 3
637 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system 2
638 Discuss the cause transmission and social implications of AIDS 3
Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms
Bacteriabull Prokaryotes (no real nucleus)bull Divide by binary fission
Can causebull Food poisoning (eg Salmonella)bull Ear and eye infectionsbull Cholera diarrhea
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileEricson_Type_II_ConjunctivitisJPG
The 1918 flu epidemic killed between 50 and 130 million people httpenwikipediaorgwiki1918_flu_pandemic
Virusesbull Acellular (non-living)bull Need a lsquohostrsquo cell to carry out functions of life including reproductionbull Can have DNA or RNAbull Mutate evolve and recombine quickly
Causebull Flu HIVAIDS smallpox measles common cold herpes ebola
Fungibull Eukaryotes reproduce with spores
Cause bull Athletersquos foot mould ringwormbull Allergic reactions and respiratory
problemsImage from httpenwikipediaorgwikiAthletes_foot
Protozoabull Simple parasites
Causebull Malariabull Leishmaniasisbull Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis image from httpenwikipediaorgwikiLeishmaniasis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Bacteriabull Prokaryotes (no real nucleus)bull Divide by binary fission
Can causebull Food poisoning (eg Salmonella)bull Ear and eye infectionsbull Cholera diarrhea
httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileEricson_Type_II_ConjunctivitisJPG
The 1918 flu epidemic killed between 50 and 130 million people httpenwikipediaorgwiki1918_flu_pandemic
Virusesbull Acellular (non-living)bull Need a lsquohostrsquo cell to carry out functions of life including reproductionbull Can have DNA or RNAbull Mutate evolve and recombine quickly
Causebull Flu HIVAIDS smallpox measles common cold herpes ebola
Fungibull Eukaryotes reproduce with spores
Cause bull Athletersquos foot mould ringwormbull Allergic reactions and respiratory
problemsImage from httpenwikipediaorgwikiAthletes_foot
Protozoabull Simple parasites
Causebull Malariabull Leishmaniasisbull Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis image from httpenwikipediaorgwikiLeishmaniasis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
The 1918 flu epidemic killed between 50 and 130 million people httpenwikipediaorgwiki1918_flu_pandemic
Virusesbull Acellular (non-living)bull Need a lsquohostrsquo cell to carry out functions of life including reproductionbull Can have DNA or RNAbull Mutate evolve and recombine quickly
Causebull Flu HIVAIDS smallpox measles common cold herpes ebola
Fungibull Eukaryotes reproduce with spores
Cause bull Athletersquos foot mould ringwormbull Allergic reactions and respiratory
problemsImage from httpenwikipediaorgwikiAthletes_foot
Protozoabull Simple parasites
Causebull Malariabull Leishmaniasisbull Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis image from httpenwikipediaorgwikiLeishmaniasis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Fungibull Eukaryotes reproduce with spores
Cause bull Athletersquos foot mould ringwormbull Allergic reactions and respiratory
problemsImage from httpenwikipediaorgwikiAthletes_foot
Protozoabull Simple parasites
Causebull Malariabull Leishmaniasisbull Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis image from httpenwikipediaorgwikiLeishmaniasis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Protozoabull Simple parasites
Causebull Malariabull Leishmaniasisbull Toxoplasmosis
Leishmaniasis image from httpenwikipediaorgwikiLeishmaniasis
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=RedO6rLNQ2o
Over-use of antibiotics is accelerating the evolution of more harmful bacteria We are running out of antibiotics that work and are selecting for diseases such as MRSA
Antibiotics are designed to disrupt structures or metabolic pathways in bacteria and fungibull cell walls and membranesbull DNA synthesis (replication)bull RNA polymerasebull Translation
These do not exist or are very different in viruses so the antibiotic will have no effect
Bacterial drug resisance from Wiley Essential Biochemistry Find out more herehttpwwwwileycomcollegepratt0471393878studentactivitiesbacterial_drug_resistanceindexhtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria Are you ready for the end of antibiotics Guardian httpgucomp2jxgj
Analyse the graph below Over time outline what has happened tobull The number of new approved antibioticsbull The diversity of new approved antibiotics
Suggest reasons for your answers Use the graph to write your own DBQ practice questions
The scariest graph yoursquoll ever see Read the article by Maryn McKennahttpwwwwiredcomwiredscience201102not-many-antibiotics
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
httpapchutecomlymphaticinflamhtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Phagocytic Leucocytesldquoeating cellrdquo ldquowhite blood cellsrdquo
Chemotaxis (movement in response to chemicals) attracts the phagocytes to the area of invasion as response to bull proteins produced by the pathogenbull phospholipids released by damaged cells
The phagocyte attaches to the pathogenrsquos cell surface proteins and then engulfs it The fluid nature of the plasma membrane allows this to happen
A phagosome forms This is a vesicle that contains the pathogen Lysosomes ndash vesicles of digestive enzymes ndash deposit the enzymes into the phagosome
The digestive enzymes break down the pathogen and the waste products are expelled from the cell by exocytosis
Review opportunity bull Plasma membranes and vesiclesbull Membrane fluidity and fusionbull Endo- and exo-cytosis
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
Phagocytic Leucocytes card sort game order the images amp outline the processes
Images from httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072495855student_view0chapter2animation__phagocytosishtml
