CONDITIONALSCONDITIONALS

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CONDITIONAL SENTENCES STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

Conditional Conditional ClauseClause

Result ClauseResult Clause ExamplesExamples

FIRST CONDITIONALFIRST CONDITIONAL

IfIf

+ Pr. Simple+ Pr. Simple

UnlessUnless

Future Simple Future Simple

+ base + base formform

May/mightMay/might

imperativeimperative

IfIf you you studystudy something practical, you something practical, you willwill havehave a profession. a profession.

You You will meetwill meet a lot of people a lot of people ifif you you gogo to to uni.uni.

IfIf she she is is free tomorrow, she free tomorrow, she may/mightmay/might want to come. want to come.

Look forLook for a summer job a summer job unlessunless you you wantwant to travel abroadto travel abroad

SECOND CONDITIONALSECOND CONDITIONAL

IfIf

+ Past + Past SimpleSimple

UnlessUnless

WouldWould

+ base form+ base form

Could/mightCould/might

IfIf I I hadhad the opportunity, I the opportunity, I wouldwould becomebecome an engineeran engineer

I I could/mightcould/might visit London visit London ifif my friends my friends werewere there. there.

THIRD CONDITIONALTHIRD CONDITIONAL

IfIf

+ Past + Past PerfectPerfect

UnlessUnless

Would haveWould have

+ past + past participleparticiple

Could/might haveCould/might have

IfIf you you had listenedhad listened to me, this to me, this wouldn’t wouldn’t have happened.have happened.

He He could/might have studiedcould/might have studied at at universityuniversity if if he he had wantedhad wanted to. to.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES USECONDITIONAL SENTENCES USE 1st Conditional expresses what will happen if 1st Conditional expresses what will happen if

the condition is accomplished. the condition is accomplished. If I finish the project soon, I will go to the cinema with If I finish the project soon, I will go to the cinema with

you.you.

2nd Conditional makes reference to the 2nd Conditional makes reference to the present , but it is hypothetical, i.e., it is not present , but it is hypothetical, i.e., it is not very probable to happen. very probable to happen. If you told him, he would understand the situation.If you told him, he would understand the situation.

3rd Conditional does not express a condition, 3rd Conditional does not express a condition, because it makes reference to the past and because it makes reference to the past and the hypothesis is not possible anymore. the hypothesis is not possible anymore. You would have learnt to play the guitar sooner if You would have learnt to play the guitar sooner if

you had taken classes. you had taken classes.

In the negative, or we use the verb of the In the negative, or we use the verb of the conditional clause in the negative or we use conditional clause in the negative or we use the affirmative with conjunction the affirmative with conjunction unlessunless, which , which means if not. means if not. He He won’t believewon’t believe anything anything unlessunless we we proveprove it is it is

true. true. In 2nd Conditional, if the verb of the In 2nd Conditional, if the verb of the

conditional clause is conditional clause is to beto be, we usually use , we usually use werewere in singular and plural persons. in singular and plural persons. If that camera weren’t so expensive, I would buy it. If that camera weren’t so expensive, I would buy it.

And we always use were with pronoun I when And we always use were with pronoun I when we are giving advicewe are giving advice If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.

Temporary SentencesTemporary Sentences

Reference to the future is done Reference to the future is done with 1st conditional: Present with 1st conditional: Present simple in the conditional clause simple in the conditional clause and will in the result clause. What and will in the result clause. What we change is the conjunction: we change is the conjunction: when, by the time, as soon as, etc. when, by the time, as soon as, etc. WhenWhen I I getget home, I home, I’ll call’ll call you. you. I I willwill buybuy a car a car as soon asas soon as I I passpass

my driving test. my driving test.

WISH CLAUSESWISH CLAUSESFORMFORM USESUSES EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

Wish/If onlyWish/If only

+ Past Simple+ Past SimpleRefers to a present Refers to a present situation that the situation that the speaker is unhappy speaker is unhappy aboutabout

IfIf only I only I hadhad a a computer. computer.

He He wisheswishes his friends his friends werewere here now. here now.

Wish/If onlyWish/If only

+Past Perfect+Past PerfectExpresses regret Expresses regret about a past action about a past action or situationor situation

If onlyIf only I I hadn’t losthadn’t lost my mobile phone!my mobile phone!

I I wishwish he he had calledhad called me. me.

Wish + Wish + could/wouldcould/would

+ base form+ base form

Expresses a desire Expresses a desire for something to for something to happen in the futurehappen in the future

I I wishwish I I couldcould gogo to to university. university.

I like Jack so much. I like Jack so much. If If onlyonly he he wouldwould callcall me!me!

If the subject of wish and that of If the subject of wish and that of the verb in the base form are the verb in the base form are different, we use different, we use wouldwould. . I I wish/if onlywish/if only the weather the weather wouldwould

improveimprove. . If the verb in Past Simple is to be, If the verb in Past Simple is to be,

we use were in all the persons we use were in all the persons (subjunctive feature).(subjunctive feature). I wish/If only it were that simple!I wish/If only it were that simple!