2. Conceptual approachIt is choosing and defining content of
acertain discipline to be taught through theuse of big and
pervasive ideasIt is using the content as a means ofleading the
students to discover the lawsand principles or generalizations
thatgovern a particular subject or discipline 3. The main pervasive
theme Conceptualunderlying a major fieldscheme Statement of
fundamentalprinciple processessGeneral statement
generalizatiorelating two nconcepts conceptSynthesis of factsA
simple statement offacttruth 4. Terma ConceptFactBooks have four
squares;chalkboard has four squares;Concept Chalkborad, books etc
have fourside having the same shape
andcharactyeristicsGeneralizationQuadrilaterals are figures
withfour sidesPrinciple Quadrilateral is a closed figurehaving four
sides and a kind ofpolygonConceptual scheme Polygons are figures
that could befound in the environment 5.
ConceptConceptattainmeformationtnConceptual
approachInductivDeductive methode method 6. CONCEPTUALATTAINMENT 7.
Is the process of defining concepts byfinding those attributes that
areabsolutely essential to the meaning anddisregarding those that
are notIt also involves learning to dicriminatebetween what is and
is not an example ofthe conceptsIt helps the learners attain the
meaningof concepts through the inductiveprocess of comparing
examples and non-examples until a defifnition is derived 8.
Determine if the concept isstep 1: select and appropriate and
teachabledefine a conceptaccording to this model. The definition
should be clear and the attributes are identifiableStep 2: Select
the Determine those qualities thatattributesare essential to the
conceptIt is the stage where the keyStep 3: developconcept are
being developedpositive andthrough the essential andnegative
examplesnonessential attributes given bystudents 9. Step 4:The
stage of explainingintroduce theclearly what you will beprocess to
thedoing and what each step willstudentsentailStep 5: presentthe
examplesThe listing out of positiveand the list ofand negative
attributesattributesStep 6: Develop The stage of using thea
conceptpositive attributes to helpdefinition students define the
concept 10. It is the stage of improving theStep 7: givemeaning for
the students whoadditionalcomprehends slowly and
aexampplesreinforcement to those fastlearnersStep 8: discussthe
process with This helps them to see howthe class concepts are
formed It is to determine if the conceptStep 9: evaluate has been
retained by thestudents 11. CONCEPTUALFORMATION 12. The important
principleunderlying this method isthat understandings arebuilt, not
acquiredIt helps students thinkeffectively, refining andextending
studentsunderstanding to approachnew information they 13. Step 1:
list asmany as possiblethat areWhat do you see? Notice?
Findassociated withhere?the subjectStep 2: group theitems because
Do any of these items seem tothey are alike in belong together?some
waysStep 3: label thegroups bydefining the Why would you group
themlreasons fortogether?gruoping 14. Step 4: regroupCould some of
these belong inindividual or one group?whole groups Can we put
these items inunder groups different groupsStep 5: synthesizethe
informationby summarizing Can someone say in onethe data and
sentence something about allforming these groups?generalizationStep
6: evaluateassessmentstudents progress 15. INDUCTIVEMETHOD 16. form
of reasoning in which a general lawis derived from a study
ofparticular objects or specific processes.Students use
measurements, manipulatorsorconstructive activities and patterns
etcto discover a relationship. They laterformulatea law or rule
about thatrelationship based on their
observations,experiences,inferences and conclusions. 17. Example
1:Ask pupils to draw anumber of triangles. Ask them tomeasure the
threeangles of each triangle and findtheir sum. They will find that
thesum of the threeangles of all triangles is 180o. 18. Example
2:Ask pupils to find thesum of two odd numbers like3+5=8,
5+7=12,9+11=20, etc. They will find thatthe sum of two odd numbers
is aneven number. 19. Steps in the inductive method:1) The first
step is clear recognition ofthe problem. It should be
clearlyunderstood and defined by the pupils.2) Once the problem has
been defined,the child should start searching fordata fromall
possible sources likebooks, magazines, journals, makingvisits to
certain placesetc. 20. Steps in the inductive method:3) Under the
guidance of theteacher, the pupils organize the datawhich they
havecollected fromvarious sources. They select relevantdata and
discard irrelevantmaterial. 21. Steps in the inductive method:4) By
studying particular instances,the pupils frame possible solutions5)
These solutions are discussed,argued and judged. Thus
tentativesolutions are eliminated and only theprobable solutions
remain. 22. Steps in the inductive method:6) The solutions are
applied to thesituation and results are verified. 23. Merits of
Inductive method1) This method is psychological.The student feels
interested inexperiments,experiences anddiscoveries.2) This method
fostersindependence and self-confidencein the pupil which proves
veryuseful in later life. 24. Merits of Inductive method3) In this
method, children discover thesolution themselves. Hence it develops
andencourages initiative and creative thinking.4) Inductive method
takes intoconsideration all the maxims of goodteaching. Theprocess
of induction calls forperception, reasoning, judgment
andgeneralization. 25. Merits of Inductive method4) All that is
learnt using inductivemethod is remembered easily as it
isself-acquired.5) In this method, the pupils observeand analyze
particular objects ofsimilar and different nature and tryto arrive
at general truth. 26. DEDUCTIVEMETHOD 27. is the method in which
the law isaccepted and then applied to a numberof specific
examples. The child doesnot discover the law but develops skillsin
applying the same, proceeds fromgeneral to particular or abstract
toconcrete. 28. Steps involved in deductive method1) Like the
inductive method, thefirst step is the clear understandingof the
problem.2) It may involve the study of aparticular thing and
phenomenon. 29. Steps involved in deductive method3) Principles and
generalizations arereviewed to find the one which may beapplicable
to find a solution.4) Principles and generalizations arereviewed to
find the one which may beapplicable to find a solution. 30. Steps
involved in deductive method5) Verification of the inference isdone
by applying it to a case. If itsolves the problem then it is
acceptedotherwise the procedure is repeatedto find the correct one.
31. Merits of deductive method1) Deductive method is short
andtime-saving. It takes little time tosolve the problem by
predeterminedformulae.2) This method is very useful forsmall
children because with smallchildren we generally use story
ortelling method. 32. Merits of deductive method3) In the deductive
method, the teachers work isvery much simplified. He/she simply
gives a ruleand asks the pupils to verify it by application
toseveral concrete examples. For example, studentsare told that
thearea of rectangle = Length xBreadth. Then a fewsums are solved
before the students. Thestudents apply these formulae to solve
theseproblems and they memorize it for future use. 33. Merits of
deductive method4) This method glorifies memory, asthe students
have to memorize aconsiderable number of formulae anddefinitions.5)
This method is adequate andadvantageous during practice andrevision
stage.6) This method is very useful forsmall children
