Collective Intelligence for OER Sustainability

Collective Intelligence for OER Sustainability

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Simon Buckingham Shum & Anna De Liddo

OLnet Project, Knowledge Media Institute Open University UK

Open Education 2010, Barcelona

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk

OLnetaimstosearchouttheevidencefor

useandreuseofOERand

buildacollec7veintelligence

infrastructurethatmakesthisavisible,andevolvingmapofthemovement’s

knowledgeandopenchallenges

olnet.org

Examples of OER Collective Intelligence

  The following tend to be adoption obstacles for OER in Africa…

  OER xyz failed to transfer to a new context because…

  There appear to be 5 main strategies to OER sustainability, of which only 2 have robust evidence…

  The following arguments for OER have proven most compelling to state educational boards…

  Successful OER initiatives seem to share these competencies in the core team…

Examples of OER evidence

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OER Sustainability

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~ Sustainability as a

property of ecosystems

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OER Sustainability

Sustainability Resilience Resilience Thinking Resilience Platforms OER Threats/Opps OER Collective Intelligence

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Complexity

Line of argument…

Resilience

  Walker, et al. (2004) define resilience as

“the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change, so as to still

retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks”

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Resilience in Socio-Ecological Systems   Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in

social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9, (2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5

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Fig. 1a. Three-dimensional stability landscape with two basins of attraction showing, in one basin, the current position of the system and three aspects of resilience, L = latitude, R = resistance, Pr = precariousness.

Latitude: the maximum amount the system can be changed before losing its ability to recover

Resistance: the ease or difficulty of changing the system

Precariousness: the current trajectory of the system, and how close it currently is to a limit or “threshold”

Resilience in Socio-Ecological Systems   Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in

social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9, (2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5

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Fig. 1b. Changes in the stability landscape have resulted in a contraction of the basin the system was in and an expansion of the alternate basin. Without itself changing, the system has changed basins.

It may not yet be possible to model a human community in such quantitative

terms, but the broader principles of Resilience Thinking apply to non-ecological systems more clearly

Resilience

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http://www.futureofed.org/driver/Platforms-for-Resilience.aspx

“System shocks and disruptions in the arenas of energy, finance, climate, and health care are key forces of destabilization in this century.

Institutional strategies that focus on resisting disruption and maintaining the status quo will not offer sufficient responses.”

Resilience Thinking (explosion of resources on this)   A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…

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promotes biological, landscape, social and economic diversity

embraces and works with natural ecological cycles

consists of modular components

possesses tight feedbacks

promotes trust, well developed social networks and leadership

places an emphasis on learning, experimentation, locally developed rules, and embracing change

has institutions with "redundancy" in governance structures

mixes common and private property with overlapping access rights

considers all nature’s un-priced services

Resilience Thinking   A resilient world (Walker, 2008)…

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promotes biological, landscape, social and

economic diversity Diversity is a major source of future options and of a

system's capacity to respond to change.


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embraces and works with natural ecological cycles

A forest that is never allowed to burn loses its fire-resistant species and becomes very vulnerable to

fire.


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consists of modular components

When over-connected, shocks are rapidly transmitted through the system - as a forest

connected by logging roads can allow a wild fire to spread wider than it would otherwise.


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possesses tight feedbacks Feedbacks allow us to detect thresholds before we

cross them. Globalization is leading to delayed feedbacks that were once tighter. For example,

people of the developed world receive weak feedback signals about the consequences of their

consumption.


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promotes trust, well developed social networks

and leadership Individually, these attributes contribute to what is generally termed "social capital," but they need to

act in concert to effect adaptability - the capacity to respond to change and disturbance.


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places an emphasis on learning, experimentation,

locally developed rules, and embracing change

When rigid connections and behaviors are broken, new opportunities open up and new resources are

made available for growth.


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has institutions with "redundancy" in governance

structures Redundancy in institutions increases the diversity of

responses and the flexibility of a system.


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mixes common and private property with overlapping

access rights Because access and property rights lie at the heart of many resource-use tragedies, overlapping rights

and a mix of common and private property rights can enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological

systems.


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considers all nature’s un-priced services

– such as carbon storage, water filtration and so on - in development proposals and assessments. These services are often the ones that change in a regime

shift – and are often only recognized and appreciated when they are lost.

Resilience Platforms

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Resilience Platforms

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Creating flexibility and innovation amid system failures

“Platforms for resilience - enabling responsive flexibility, distributed collaboration, and transparency - will allow institutions to meet such challenges through innovation, adaptation, and openness.”

Resilience in knowledge-intensive ecosystems

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When knowledge and understanding are key variables in the system, resilience depends on the capacity for learning

e.g. awareness of discrepant evidence, critical practice, reflection and dialogue when confronted by challenges or shocks to the system.

Resilience Thinking: OER opportunities + threats

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Threat to established educational paradigm?

(Opportunity for OER/Open Social Learning?)


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Threat to OER/Open Social Learning?




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Public doc on SBS blog: http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/10/resilience-thinking-edu


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Public doc on SBS blog: http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/10/resilience-thinking-edu

Collective Intelligence for resilience?

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31 Sources include: Weick (1995); Kurtz & Snowden (2003); Browning, L. and Boudès, T. (2005); Hagel et al (2010)


32 Sources include: Weick (1995); Kurtz & Snowden (2003); Browning, L. and Boudès, T. (2005); Hagel et al (2010)

the key idea…

sensemaking revolves around conversations

perspective and context are key: we don’t always agree

contested collective intelligence

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Towards an OER Collective Intelligence Infrastructure

How can we pool the OER evidence base and debate open issues?...

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interpretation

interpretation

interpretation

interpretation


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interpretation

interpretation interpretation

interpretation

interpretation

(a hunch – no grounding

evidence yet)

interpretation


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predicts causes

interpretation


interpretation

interpretation


evidence yet)

interpretation

Is pre-requisite for


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prevents

predicts causes

interpretation


interpretation

interpretation


evidence yet) Is inconsistent with

interpretation

challenges

Is pre-requisite for

Building the story that makes sense of the evidence… i.e. plausible narrative and arguments

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Question

Answer

Supporting Argument…

Challenging Argument…

challenges supports

responds to

Assumption

motivates


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Question

Answer



challenges supports

responds to

Hunch

motivates


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Question

Answer



challenges supports

responds to

Data

motivates

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http://cohere.open.ac.uk

Convergence of… web annotation social bookmarking concept mapping structured debate

a prototype infrastructure for collective intelligence/social learning

Structured deliberation and debate in which Questions, Evidence and Connections are first class entities (linkable, addressable, embeddable, contestable…)

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Analyst-defined visual connection language

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— web annotation of OER (Firefox extension)

seeing the connections people make as they annotate the web using Cohere

Visualizing all the connections that a set of analysts have made

— but unfiltered, this may not be very helpful

Visualizing multiple learners’ interpretations of global

warming sources

Connections have been filtered by a set of semantic

relationships grouped as Consistency

— semantic filtering of connections

De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554

— web annotation for sensemaking

Social Network

Social Discourse Network

Concept Network

— geospatial mashup of ideas

Nodes in the semantic network containing

geolocation data can be visualized in Google Maps

— timeline viz. mashup of ideas

Nodes in the semantic network containing temporal data can be visualized in MIT

Simile’s timeline

A large scale OER CI exercise: Are you on the map? (whose map?...)

  120 OER project reports from Hewlett Foundation   What is the evidence base around OER impact?   What are the unresolved questions that help set the

roadmap?   Reports analysed by OER researchers and via

computational linguistics engine… …feeding into a set of multi-dimensional

interactive knowledge maps   To be shared with the OER community Spring 2011,

inviting mass participation to update the evidence base, and create a living conversation, generating dynamic maps that we can collectively own

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Sustainability Resilience Resilience Thinking Resilience Platforms OER Threats/Opps OER Collective Intelligence

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Complexity

Summary

In more detail… articles, books, news, movies, software, community…

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http://cohere.open.ac.uk

http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse

http://OLnet.org