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COLD WAR
Cold War : State of political & military
tension – without any armed struggle –
characterized by violent propaganda
Term Coined by Walter Lippman
1st used by Bernard Baruch
Formally declared by Winston Churchill –
5th March 1946
World War II ended in 1945 – Wartime allies turned bitter-cold enemies
After the World War II – USA & Soviet Union became super powers
Divided the world into two competing blocsMain concern of international political
atmosphereAlso known as “Propaganda War”
CAUSES:Sovietisation of Eastern Europe
Russia’s policy towards Iran
Soviet pressure in Greece & Turkey
German problem
Delay of Second Front
Failure of Peace Treaties
Ideological Differences
Atomic Factor
RIVAL PROPOGANDA
PHASES
I. 1945-1950
II. 1950-1953
III.1953-1959
IV. 1959-1970
1945-1950Eastern Europe, Greece & TurkeyTruman DoctrineCouncil for Mutual Economic AssistancePartition of GermanyBerlin BlockadeAirlift of 1948-49Brussels TreatyNATO
BRUSSELS PACT
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxemburg
They promised aid to each other against any aggression
Berlin Airlift1948 – Russia violated her oral assurancesSealed off Berlin from West : Blocked all food &
fuel suppliesUSA & Western powers engaged in Airlift on
Berlin : to supply necessitiesRussia withdrew in 1949
Berlin Airlift
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Between USA, Canada, Britain, France,
Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland & Portugal
1952 – Greece & Turkey1955 – Germany
“An armed attack against or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all”
1950-1953East-Asia : Korea – North & South conflict
North Korea + Russian weapons + China’s
troops
South Korea + USA + United Nations
1953-1959Stalin’s death – Khrushchev's peace policy
Indo-china & West Asia : Geneva conference /
Partition of Vietnam
Formation of SEATO
Extension of Truman Doctrine by Eisenhower
Camp David
SEATO: South-East Asian Treaty Organisation
1959-1970Summit conference to be held
U – 2 Incident – 1960
Erection of the Berlin Wall – 13th August 1961
Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962
“Détente” Era – decline of Cold War
Berlin Wall
Soviet Union planted missiles in Cuba to target USA
USA had kept secret missiles in Southern Italy & Turkey
Ended on 28th October 1962
End of Cold WarGreatest event of 1990
Unification of Germany
Mikhail Gorbachev’s Perestroika
(Restructuring) & Glasnost (Openness)
Military domination to Hi-tech supremacy
IMPACTRise of two super-powers : USA & USSRAffected international decision-making (UN)Balance of power replaced balance of terrorInternational peace & security gained importanceArms control & disarmament became complicatedEmergence of NAMEmergence of Neo-imperialism & Neo-ColonialismShowed war can be avoidedChange in the outlook of Foreign PolicyForeign aid in Foreign Policies