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CLIMATE CHANGE AND GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Presentation By: Sonam Kumari, Branch: IT
Project Guide:Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
Department of ChemistryNorthern India Engineering
College
Part-1: Climate change
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL IMPACTS
Climate change is currently evidenced as severe storms, floods and droughts.
Substantial reduction of tropical forests and grassland;
Decrease in the availability of water in the rivers/groundwater level/ dug wells;
Decline in yields of food grains;
Rise in sea level leading to erosion of coastal areas
and increased incidence of water borne disease, and vector-borne disease such as malaria.
Sources of CO2 in atmosphere
CO2 emission from motor vehicles, factories, waste decomposition, etc. etcFrom natural sources like volcanoes eruption etc. etc.
Global Warming is produced by GHSGreen house gases: share of each gas
Source: IPCC 2007
CO2 Increase
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere till 1950 has never exceeded 300 ppm.
But the atmospheric concentration of CO2 in 2005 was 370 ppm.
Before 1950 - 180-300 ppm,
1950 - 300 ppm
2005 - 370 ppm.
Safety level : 350 ppm ( www.350.org )
There is strong evidence for global warming and climate change
Sea temperatures have risen by an average 0.50C over the last 40 years. Global surface temperatures have risen about 0.70C in the past 100 years. The global mean sea level has risen between 10 and 25 cm (average 13 cm) during the last 100 years. In the Arctic 20,000 square kilometers of fresh water ice have melted.
Climate models predict an increase in average surface air temperature of about 2.50C by the year 2100.
Predictions on climate change
Climate change impacts in Kerala
WHO report of on dengue feverRise in sea levelLowering of water tables
Part-II: Green Technology
What is Green technology Or Environmental technology or Clean technology?
Green Technology or Environmental technology or Clean technology is the application of one or more of environmental Sciences, Green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement.Green technology is a field of new, innovative ways to make changes in daily life. Currently, this Clean Technology is in the beginning stages of its development, so the future will only bring bigger and better things for this field.
Green Technology is part of Business Exchange ( from developed countries to developing or reverse order). Cleantech, is new technology and related business models offering competitive returns for investors and customers while providing solutions to global challengesGreen Technology is the safeguard against environmental pollution. Green Technology gives the concept of cleanliness and freshness.
What is Green chemistry?
The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
Adopting the green technology, we are intending to make the earth green free from any danger.Our environment needs salvage from pollution. With the help of recycling process we can reduce the waste material. Reusable things are better to introduce to improve the cleanliness level.Water is the basic for green life which is the symbol of cleanliness. Impure water causes many diseases.Water is the basic ingredient of Green Technology without water there is nothing fresh.
Planting more and more trees is the demand of present environment. They absorb carbon dioxide from surrounding and release oxygen which helps us to breath(United Nations has declared the year 2011 as the ‘International Year of Forests’).
Developing proper sewage system needs innovative green technologies.This waste water should be directed towards the places where it can be used like fields.At present Kerala state is having no waste management model? ( ref. CM of Kerala)
Examples of Green Technology
Recycling Water Purification Air Purification Sewage treatment Environmental remediation Solid waste management Renewable energy eGain forecasting Energy Conservation
Recycling: eg. Liquid and solid waste recyclingWater purification: The whole idea/concept of having dirt/germ/pollution free water flowing throughout the environment.Air Purification: basic and common green plants can be grown indoors to keep air fresh because all plants remove CO2 and convert it into oxygen.Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification.Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or contaminants for the general protection of the environment.Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid wasteRenewable energy is energy that can be replenished and that can be produced by natural resources/minerals like wood, sun, wind,tides, water etc. E-gain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the future weather's impact.Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity ( Carbon Credit programme- eg. CFL lamp distribution in Kerala).
Recycling
Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
A recycling truck collecting the contents of a recycling bin in Canberra, Australia
Recycling and rubbish bin in a German railway station.
Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in Poland.
Waste is not a waste but a resource
Sign board at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
E-waste collection/ recycling point
Computers being collected for recycling at a pick up event in Olympia, Washington.
Water purification
· 1 Sources of water( source protection)
· 2 Treatment 2.1 Pre-treatment 2.1.1 pH adjustment
2.2 Flocculation2.3 Sedimentation2.4 Filtration 2.4.1 Rapid sand filters
Water purification
2.5 Membrane filtration 2.5.1 Slow sand filters2.5.2 Removal of ions and other dissolved substances2.5.3 Other mechanical and biological techniques
2.6 Disinfection 2.6.1 Chlorine disinfection
Water purification
2.7 Chlorine dioxide disinfection2.8 Chloramine disinfection 2.8.1 Ozone disinfection2.8.2 Ultraviolet disinfection2.8.3 Hydrogen peroxide disinfection2.8.4 Various portable methods of disinfection2.8.5 Solar water disinfection
2.9 Additional treatment options
Rainwater harvesting ( ferro-cement technology at SG College, Kottarakara)
Air purification: Air Quality in Ernakulam, KeralaAMBIENT AIR QUALITY FROM 8/2002 TO 8/2004
COMMERCIAL AREA SO2 NOx RSPM SPM
ERNAKULAM SOUTH LIMIT 80 80 100 200
Average 4.82 11.48 55.84 116.89
Max 27.13 121.89 185 269.3
Min 0.48 1.2 15 52
NUMBER OF TIMES
STANDARD IS
0 2 14 7 EXCEEDED
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY at an industrial area (Eloor)
INDUSTRIAL AREA SO2 NOx RSPM SPM
ELOOR LIMIT 120 120 150 500
Average 51.95 19.07 65.54 129.1
Max 369.7 255.21 194 354
Min 0.78 0.61 18 66
NUMBER OF TIMES
STANDARD IS
20 4 3 0 EXCEEDED
Air purification: Air Quality in Ernakulam, Kerala
Ambient air is monitored by Pollution Control Board for
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2 ) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX ) from stations located in industrial, residential and sensitive areas. Observations at these stations show that SPM and RSPM regularly exceed allowable limits. SO2 and NOX levels are observed to be almost always within the prescribed limits ( source: Kerala pollution control Board)
Locations Approximate Number of CNG Vehicles
Pakistan 2,740,000
Iran 1,954,925
Argentina 1,901,116
Brazil 1,664,847
India 1,080,000Italy 730,000
China 450,000
Colombia 340,000
Thailand 218,459
Bangladesh 193,521
Bangladesh 193,521
Bolivia 140,400
Egypt 122,271
United States 112,000Russia 100,000
Venezuela 43,000
Canada 12,000
CNG Vehicle Numbers By CountryThe table below reflects the number of CNG vehicles currently circulating in leading countries.Sources: Gas Vehicles Report, December 2010,
CNG implementation: New Delhi
A success story in India on air pollution-New Delhi
A success story in India on air pollution-New Delhi
ESTIMATED VEHICULAR EMISSION LOAD IN NEW DELHIPollutants Pollution load in thousand tonnes Percentage (%)
reduction ascompared to
1995-96 1990-91 1995-96 1998-99
Sulphur dioxide 10 15 11 27
Nitrogen dioxide 139 207 182 12
Particulate Mater 19 28 21 25
Lead 0.190 0.362 0.007 97
Carbon Monoxide 243 351 337 4
Hydrocarbons 0.83 113 115 +2
Total Pollution Load
493 714 666 --
Emission load in Tonnes/day
1351 1947 1825 11
BIODIESEL Technology
Biodiesel is produced from plant seed:
Jatropha seed oil
Agricultural crops Soyabean oil
Corn oil
Sunflower
Canola
Palm oil
Biodiesel
Jatropha plantation
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Eg.ECOSAN-Technology.
Sewage treatment plant
THANK YOU
SUBMITTED BY:SONAM KUMARI
PROJECT GUIDE:DR. TANUJA NAUTIYAL
Department of ChemistryNorthern India Engineering College
Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or contaminants for the general protection of the environment. This is accomplished by various chemical, biological, and bulk movement methods, in conjunction with environmental monitoring.
Solid waste management
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that undertaken by agencies including Governments/local bodies ( Panchayats/Municipalities/ Corporations)
Solid waste management in Kerala ? (yet no sustainable model?)
Solid waste management
Molded plastic, wheeled waste bin
Anaerobic digestion component of Lübeck mechanical biological treatment plant
A front-loading garbage truck in North America.
Incineration plant in Vienna.
Truck loaded with domestic garbage
IncinerationIncineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management.This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration of waste source.Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery is the most common WtE implementation.
Landfill
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials.
Landfill operation
A landfill compaction vehicle in action
Bio-degradable waste into vermicompost in Kerala
A small bio-gas plant operated by students of St:Gregorios College, Kottarakara, as part of the campaign on “zero-waste campus” ( Bio-gas used at the College canteen)
Biogas technologyBiogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter
in the absence of oxygen.
Bio-gas plant in Kottarakara Market
Renewable Energy -IndiaMinistry of New and Renewable Energy of Government of India. The Ministry is mainly responsible for research and development, intellectual property protection, and international cooperation, promotion, and coordination in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small hydro, biogas, and solar power. The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of India.
Renewable Energy Sources
Geothermal energy: Steam rising from the Geothermal Power Station in Iceland.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth
Wind power for electricity generation
Small hydropowerAnother form of renewable energy is hydropower. Water energy can be in many different forms such as hydroelectric energy, micro hydro, hydro power without dams, and ocean energy. Today there are many hydroelectric power stations in the world and together they are providing about 20% electricity across the globe.
Micro hydro power plants
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of electricity.
Micro hydro in northwest Vietnam
A penstock pipe used in Afghanistan micro-hydro project
Tidal power
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tide into useful forms of power - mainly electricity.
Solar Power
Uses & Applications of Solar Energy:The development and research in the field of alternative fuel generation has also given rise to improvement in the utilization of solar energy. The various applications of solar energy include solar power houses, solar vehicles, cooking, water purification, solar lighting and use of solar thermal energy. The heat from the sun is converted to electricity using Photovoltaic (PV) . The use of Photovoltaic was limited to very small applications like solar calculators. But now this mechanisms is used to generate electricity in very large power houses of up to 14MW.
Home Renewable Energy
Solar power
“Waste-free Campaign in Kerala” launched by FANSA-Kerala Chapter on Oct.2nd 2011
Campaign on sustainable sanitation in schools by FANSA
Campaign on Sanitation by FANSA-Kerala Chapter
Toilet Queue by FANSA during the SACOSAN-IV 2011 in Colombo
World Environment Day-2011 (WED-2011) celebrations and distribution of tree-saplings
Pledge on water – a basic human right
Presentation By: Sonam Kumari, Branch: IT
Project Guide:Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
Department of ChemistryNorthern India Engineering
College
