CLAUSES

a group of words with a subject and a verb. 

INDEPEDEPENDENT

DEPENDENT

Has a subject and a verb

Can stand by itself as a complete sentence

The ice melted.

Mr. Smith arrived at the airport early this morning.

We must find a new strategy.

I play basketball.

Clauses are combined in three different ways: coordination, subordination, and by means of semicolon.

COORDINATION- Involves joining independent clauses with one

of the coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, nor, for, and yet.

e.g.For example:

Mr. Smith arrived early this morning, but I didn’t meet him.

SUBORDINATION- It involves turning one of the clauses into a

subordinate element through the use of subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.

e.g.Although Ramonita often thought about joining the

choir, she never talked to her friends about it.

SEMICOLONS- Can connect two independent clauses with or

without the help of a conjunctive adverbe.g.Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples

have asked her to sing at their wedding. Ramonita’s voice has a clear, angelic quality;

furthermore, she clearly enjoys using it.

functions not as a sentence but as a part of speech (a noun or an adjective or an adverb).  Therefore, it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

It is attached to some part of an INDEPENDENT clause.

Noun clauses

Adjective clauses

Adverb Clauses

act as simple nouns and identify persons, places, things, etc. 

What he had to say to us was incredible.

Where we slept is not worth mentioning.

Who came to the party is no concern of yours.

I don't know which one is best.

Tell me whose car you are driving.

Anne wished that she could ride a horse.

give information about nouns (people, things, places, etc.)

They appear after the noun or pronoun they modify and usually begins with RELATIVE PRONOUNS such as:that, which, who, whom or whoseor sentences with a RELATIVE ADVERB such as:before, since, when, where, or why

As a Subject

e.g.• Pavarotti, who sings at the

Metropolitan Opera, is a tenor.

• The job has been given to the man whom you recommended.

As a Direct Object

e.g.• Someone broke the window that I

recently fixed.

• The bat which you have used has been broken.

As an Object of a Prepositione.g.

This is my aunt of whom I have spoken.

We judge a man by what he does.

As an Adjective

e.g.• I have a friend whose witty

remarks amuse me.

• I listened to the song that you told me about.

RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE-it specifies or restrict the nouns. A

relative clause begins with a relative pronoun like that or who.

e.g.The building that they built in San

Francisco sold a lot of money.(in this case, it specifies which building

the speaker is referring to.)

NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSE- It adds extra information about an

already- specific noun. It begins with the relative pronoun like which or who.

e.g.The building, which they built in San

Francisco, sold a lot of money.(in this case, there’s only one building to

talk about, whereas the example for restrictive clause implies that there could be several buildings.)

dependent clause that modify verb, adjective, adverb or verbal.

It does this by pointing out where, when, in what manner, to what extent, under what condition, or why.

Dependent clauses can modify like adverbs. Such clauses can express nine (9) important relationships with certain subordinating conjunctions:

oTIME: when, before, while, since

I’ll do the laundry when I’m out of clothes.

o PLACE: where, wherever

After finding the book where I had left it, I hurried back into the house.

o MANNER: as, as if

He kicked the can as if it was a ball.

o CONDITION: if, so, unless, provided that

Unless you make the payment, service will be cut off.

o CAUSE: because, as, since

The train, three hours late because the locomotive had broken down, was full of angry passengers.

o PURPOSE: in order that, so that

The officers worked hard all day so that the hall would be ready for the party.

o RESULT: that, so that, so . . . that

We were so hungry that we ate stale crackers.

o DEGREE OR COMPARISON: than, as much as,

as . . . as, just as

John climbed farther than you did.

o CONCESSION: though, although

Although he did not score, he made the best play of the game.

Read the ff: clauses carefully and decide which are independent and which are dependent.1.the moon is blue2.when the sun shone brightly3.from his vantage point he realized4.although the bluebirds have returned5.form a distant hill he approached6.after the train arrived7.Andy panda sat on the veranda8.the man with the hat was smiling9.within the pages of this book are serious thoughts10.when we were young