CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES

Compiled by:

Jyoti

Ayush Chaudhary

Ayush Garg

Shweta Khatriker

Vijay Meena

PLANNING THEORY

Structure

Introduction

city

city forms

Types of city forms

The Radio centric city

The gridiron city

The linear city

City growth

Ecological models of urban land use model

Concentric Model

Sector Model

Multi nuclei Model

Introduction-cities

A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within alimited geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange ofgoods and services among its residents and with the outside world.

The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities. Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific

geographic location leading to the Creation of urban areas. Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the

complex functions that cities perform.

What is Urban Form…?

Urban Form refers to the-

• physical layout and design of the city

• spatial imprint of an urban transport system

• adjacent physical infrastructures.

Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.

Urban form or city form defined as-

‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.

Factors Influencing city form

geography

Impact of natural

environment

Social , political and economic

forces

Trade practiced

Period of development

The Radiocentric city

Geographical possibilities of spreading in all directions.

Radio centric - Radiate outward from a common centre.

Inner Outer ring roads linked by radiating roads.

Core has business area.

Industrial area interspersed within the residential.

Periphery has green belts.

Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.

Advantages-

• A direct line of travel for centrally directed flows,

• economics of a single- centralised terminal or origin point.

Disadvantages-

• Central congestion , • local flow problems ,• difficult building sites

CASE STUDY-RADIOCENTRIC

CITY

MOSCOW

The Radial city: Moscow

Moscow, the world biggest

Megapolis (Russian Moskva) is the

capital of Russia.

The city grew in a pattern of rings

and radials that marked Moscow's

growth from ancient time to modern

layout.

The center of all rings is Moscow

Kremlin and famous Red Square.

Moscow, 1893

Moscow, At Present

• Successive epochs of development

are traced by the

• The Boulevard Ring and

• The Garden Ring,

• The Moscow Little Ring Railway,

• And the Moscow Ring Road.

The Grid Iron city

It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks.

This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities place such importance on economic activity.

A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.

Advantages

• High accessibility,• minimum disruption of flow,• expansion flexibility,• excellent psychological orientation,

adaptability to level or moderately rolling terrain.

Disadvantages

• Requires flow hierarchies,• limited in its adaptability to the

terrain, • potentially monotonous

CASE STUDY

GRID IRON PATTERN

The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, aneighbourhood unit of size 800 m X1200 m.

It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school,health centres and places of recreations .

The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000 depending upon sizes of plots andtopography of the area.

The shopping street of each sector is linked to theadjoining sectors thus forming one long,continuous ribbon .

The central green of each Sector also stretches tothe green of the next sector

CHANDIGARH

The Grid Iron city: San Francisco

San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of people that came to the city during the Gold Rush.

It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of a peninsula.

Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco.

Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense. The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with different purposes. Office District Retail District General Commercial District Support District

The Linear city

Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.

Expand the city along the spine of transport

The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with

Housing And Industry Growing Along The Highway Between existing cities

and contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside.

Advantages

• High accessibility• adaptability to linear growth • useful along the limited edge.

Disadvantages

• Very sensitive to blockage requires control of growth

• lacks focus, • The choice of connection or of

direction of movement are much less.

Navi MumbaiAlternative to Mumbai

http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/img/Navi_Mumbai/Development_Plan_Ma

p.jpg

The Linear City: Navi Mumbai

The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.

The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less than costs in Mumbai and sub-urban areas.

Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai .

the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics to clerks to peons. As a result a large population of service class and middle class population shifted to Navi Mumbai.

http://www.nmmconline.com/web/guest/history1

City growth

According to urbanist Hans Blumenfeld, cities can grow in any of three ways:Outward (expanding horizontally)Upward (expanding vertically)Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)

As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of horizontal andvertical expansion were strictly limited.

Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left betweenbuildings.

With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of skyscrapersbegan.

Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around suburbanrailroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.

Ecological urban land-use

Model.

Concentric zone model

Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess. Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre. Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre. They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone,

high-class residential zone.

Criticisms about concentric zone theory• Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors• Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the

city• Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment• It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape

Concentric zone model

Sector Model

Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre. The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes. High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.

Criticisms about sector model Applies well to Chicago. Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make commerce easier With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using

their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.

Sector Model

Sector Model: Gandhinagar

Gandhinagar is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the state. The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are

formed by seven roads running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly.

They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two phases:First Phase - The basic amenities were constructed.Second phase - constructions of capital complex, sportscomplex, town halls, research institution, cinemas,cultural centers, residential bungalows etc.

Multiple nuclei model

A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central business district.

Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres. Certain functions require specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a suitable

waterfront. Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies.

Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model Negligence of height of buildings. Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones. No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy. The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and

political backgrounds.

Multiple nuclei model

Multi-nuclei Model

Advantages

• Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals ,

• good psychological orientation

• adaptability to existing conditions

Disadvantages

• Depends on stability to key points,

• potential accessibility problems

• tendency to dilute focal activities

Delhi

Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi

References

Cities and Urban Life – By John J. Macionis And Vincent N. Parrillo

Good City Form – Kelvin Lynch

www.urbanform.org

www.cityform.mit.edu

www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture

www.urbanmodel.com

www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/russia/moscow/description.html

www.sf-planning.org

jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi.pdf

chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_gen_plan.htm

www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Developmentplan.aspx