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Conference for the "Quality standards in ICT education" workshop within the EU Project "Click to Europe" (Part 2). More information: http://ictlogy.net/?p=3731
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Ci i i K l d S iCitizens in a Knowledge Society: rethinking education from scratchrethinking education from scratch.
Part 2Policies for (e-)inclusion:
from physical access to meaningful usefrom physical access to meaningful use
I l P ñ LóIsmael Peña-LópezInternet Interdisciplinary InstituteUniversitat Oberta de Catalunya
Quality standards in ICT education workshiopB l d A il 12 2011Belgrade, April 12, 2011.
A digital revolutionA digital revolution,a social revolutiona social revolution
Human Development vs. Info. Societyp y
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Information Society vs. Political rightsy g
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Information Society vs. Educationy
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e-Government vs. Infrastructures
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e-Government. Rightsg
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e-Government vs. Searches
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e-Government vs. Chattingg
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e-Government vs. Blogsg
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e-Democracy vs. Participationy
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Accessing theAccessing thedigital societydigital society
Fostering access to the Digital Economyg g yA Digital Revolution: Mokyr (1997, 2000), Greenwood (1999), Boas
et al. (2005), Zysman, J. & Newman (2006)et al. (2005), Zysman, J. & Newman (2006)
The Concept of Access: Raboy (1995, 1998), ITU (1998-2009), WEFThe Concept of Access: Raboy (1995, 1998), ITU (1998 2009), WEF (2002-2009), Sciadas (2003), Gillwald and Stork (2007)
The Digital Divide: NTIA (1999), Hargittai (2001), Bridges.org (2001), Warschauer (2003), Gunkel (2003), DiMaggio et al. (2004), Barzilai-N h (2006) Tibb (2007)Nahon (2006), Tibben (2007)
P li i f ( i l) A H d (1994) Alb (1995)Policies of (universal) Access: Hudson (1994), Albery (1995), Compaine & Weinraub (1997), OECD (2001b), Loader & Keeble (2004), ITU (2005e), Kenny and Keremane (2007)ITU (2005e), Kenny and Keremane (2007)
Model: 360º Digital Frameworkg
Infrastructures ICT Sector LegalFramework
Content andServices
Digital Skills
AssetsS
uppl
y
AvailabilityEnterprises
Economy
ICT (Sector) Regulation AvailabilityDigital Literacy
Level sF
Snd Information Flow
sD
eman
Affordability Workforce
Information Society
Strategies and Policies
Intensity of Use
Digital Literacy Training
Cluster centre values for WITSA countries 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
21
2
321
22
Cluster #1Cluster #2Cluster #3Cluster #4 3 Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
4 ‐Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people)5 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)6 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)7 P i b k f id i l fi d li (US$ h)
0,5
1
1,5 3
4
519
20
21 Cluster #4Cluster #5
7 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month)8 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP)9 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)10 ‐ Human Capital
-1
-0,5
0 5
618
19
p11 ‐ Internet Access in Schools12 ‐ Laws relating to ICT13 ‐ Intellectual property protection14 Gov't procurement of advanced tech products
-1,5
717
14 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products15 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)16 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)17 ‐ Availability of government online services
8
915
16
18 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)19 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP)20 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption21 Extent of business Internet use
10
1112
13
14
21 ‐ Extent of business Internet use22 ‐ ICT use and government efficiencyNon-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.
Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001
Cluster centre values for OECD countries 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)1 5
21
217
Cluster #1Cluster #2Cluster #3Cluster #4 3 Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
4 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)5 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)7 H C i l
0
0,5
1
1,5
3
415
16Cluster #5
7 ‐ Human Capital8 ‐ Internet Access in Schools9 ‐ Laws relating to ICT10 ‐ Intellectual property protection-1,5
-1
-0,54
514
15
p p y p11 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products12 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)13 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)14 Availability of government online services
-2
613
14 ‐ Availability of government online services15 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)16 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption17 ‐ Extent of business Internet use
712
8
910
11
Non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001
Infrastructures1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people) (*)
2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people) (*)90%
100%
3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people) (*)
4 ‐Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) (*)50%60%70%80%90%
5 ‐ Population covered by mobile telephony (%) (*)
6 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person) (*)
7 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) (*)10%20%30%40%
LeadersLaggards
7 Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) ( )
8 ‐ Internet subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (*)
9 ‐ Residential monthly telephone subscription (US$) (**)
0%
10 ‐ Price basket for Internet (US$ per month) (**)
11 ‐ Price basket for mobile (US$ per month) (**)
b k f d l f d l ( $ h) (*)12 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month) (*)
13 ‐ Telephone average cost of call to US (US$ per three minutes) (***)
LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
ICT Sector1 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP) (*)
2 ‐ High‐technology exports (% of manufactured exports) (**)80%90%
100%1
3 ‐ Telephone subscribers per employee (***)
4 ‐ Telephone employees (per 100 people) (**)
40%50%60%70%80%
26
5 ‐ Total full‐time telecommunications staff (per 100 people) (*)
6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars) (*)
0%10%20%30%40%
0%% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Laggards
35 Leaders
Laggards
4
LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
Digital Literacyg y1 ‐ Enrolment in science. Tertiary. (per 100 people) (*)
2 ‐ Human Capital (*)80%90%
100%1
3 ‐ Internet Access in Schools (*)
40%50%60%70%80%
0%10%20%30%40%
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Laggards0%
Leaders23
eade s
LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
Policy and regulatory frameworky g y1 ‐ Laws relating to ICT (*)
2 ‐ Intellectual property protection (*)80%90%
100%1
3 ‐ Level of competition ‐ DSL (**)
4 ‐ Level of competition – Cable modem (**)
40%50%60%70%80%
Leaders
5 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products (*)
0%10%20%30%40%
25
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster0% % of countries that scored high on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
34
Laggards
34LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
Usageg1 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people) (*)
2 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people) (*)90%100%
3 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Retail Trade (% of GDP) (*)
4 ‐Web Measure (*)50%60%70%80%
5 ‐ Availability of government online services (*)
6 ‐ International outgoing telephone traffic (minutes) (per 100 people) (*)
0%10%20%30%40%
Laggards7 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people) (*)
8 ‐ E‐Participation (*)
9 T t l ICT S di C (% f GDP) (*)
0%
Leaders
Laggards
9 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP) (*)
10 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption (*)
11 ‐ Extent of business Internet use (*)( )LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Analogue indicators 1 ‐ GDP (***)2 ‐ GDP Capita (*)g 2 GDP Capita ( )3 ‐ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) (*)4 ‐ GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (*)5 ‐ GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) (**)6 ‐ HDI (*)80%
90%100%
6 HDI ( )7 ‐ Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (*)8 ‐ Improved water source (% of population with access) (*)9 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (*)10 Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend ) (*)40%
50%60%70%80%
Laggards
10 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend.) (*)11 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% net) (***)12 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% gross) (**)13 ‐ Education Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (***)14 G N ti l E dit (% f GDP) (**)
0%10%20%30%40%
Leaders
14 ‐ Gross National Expenditure (% of GDP) (**)15 ‐ General Govt. final consumption expend. (% of GDP) (***)16 ‐ Economic Incentive Regime (*)17 ‐ Innovation (*)18 ‐ Population in urban agglom. > 1 million (% of total pop.) (*)19 ‐ Inequality‐10 (**)20 ‐Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (*)21 ‐ Population growth (annual %) (***)22 ‐ Interest payments (% of GDP) (*)23 ‐ Present value of debt (% of GNI) (**)24 ‐ GDP deflator (base year varies by country) (*)25 ‐ Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (*)
LeadersStriversLaggardsLeafproggers
, p ( ) ( )26 ‐ Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (*)27 ‐ Tax revenue (% of GDP) (**)
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Policy-making and digital developmenty g gIncome, Health, Human Capital
Economic incentive regime & innovation
Infrastructures + Real Economy approachInfrastructures + Real Economy approach
Strong Information Society regulatory framework
Direct intervention (expenditure) does not make a difference — Keynesian or liberal is okdifference Keynesian or liberal is ok.
Demand triggers digital development
G2B, G2G, B2C, e-Commerce, e-Administration, e-Government, e-Health, e-Justice pull digital development, , p g p
A comment on leapfrogginggg gSome evidence that leapfrogging is possible
Based on
Human capitalHuman capital
ICT regulatory and policy framework
Strong, international-bound ICT Sector
D bi i d i b d diDubious impact on domestic economy beyond most direct one
ICT Sector a locomotive for (nation-wide) development?
26
Belgrade, April 12, 2011. Quality standards in ICT educationg , p , y
To cite this work:Peña-López, Ismael. (2011) Citizens in a Knowledge Society: rethinking education from e a ópe , s ae ( 0 ) C t e s a o edge Soc ety et g educat o oscratch. Part 2: Policies for (e-)inclusion: from physical access to meaningful use. Quality standards in ICT education workshop, April 12, 2011. Belgrade.<http://ictlogy.net/presentations/ 20110412_ismael_pena-lopez_-
citizens knowledge society 2 policies e-inclusion.pdf>_citizens_knowledge_society_2_policies_e inclusion.pdf
To contact the author:http://ictlogy.net
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