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CITIESOrigin,
Concepts of City Growth, and Spatial Theories
RAGENE ANDREA L. PALMA, [email protected]
littlemissurbanite.wordpress.com
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MESOPOTAMIA(10,000 BC – 7th century AD)
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ANCIENT EGYPT3000-300 BC
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ANCIENT GREECE8TH-6TH CENTURY BC
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ACROPOLIS AGORA
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And let this be the law: If any one intentionally
pollutes the water of a spring, or collected in reservoirs, either by
poisonous substances, or by digging, or by theft,
let the injured party bring the cause before the wardens of the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the accused be found guilty of injuring the water by deleterious substances,
let him not only pay damages, but purify the
stream or the cistern which contains the water,
in such manner as the laws… order the
purification to be made by the offender in each
case.
PLATO
POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
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Human well-being is realized only
partly by satisfying whatever people’s
preferences happen to be at a particular time; it is also necessary
for successive generations to leave behind
sufficient resources so that
future generations are not
constrained in their preferences.
ARISTOTLE
INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS (498-408 BC)
“Inventor / father of formal city planning”
Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to maximise winds in the summer and
minimise them in winter. This shows his geometric, arranged style in design
Also worked on the Piraeus Port and Alexandria
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AQUEDUCT
BREAKTHROUGH IN ENGINEERING, HYDRAULICS
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VIKINGS DESTROYED
THE AQUEDUCT
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FALL OF ROME
Religious divisions, absence of military discipline, murder, and citizen unrest also brought about instability
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_72r_1.png MEDIEVAL CITIES
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CATHEDRAL CITIES
1. Central to a church2. Walled3. Enclosure of the cities posed problems
for growing populations because of the limited resources, epidemics, and generally unhealthy environment.
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COMMERCE as a driving factor
AMSTERDAM
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MILAN
THE MERCANTILE CITIES
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NEW YORK(NEW AMSTERDAM)
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PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT’S PLAN FOR WASHINGTON DC
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PARIS
PLANNED BY BARON GEORGES EUGENE HAUSSMAN
http://www.paris-paris-paris.com/var/plain/storage/images/paris_landmarks/monuments/arc_de_triomphe/arc_de_triomphe_paris_4/138920-1-eng-GB/arc_de_triomphe_paris_4_large.jpg PARIS
Green spaces by lining the avenues with trees and by using pocket parks all around the city
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“A park was never an ornamental
addition to a city but an integral part of its fabric and a force for
future growth on several levels:
economic, social, and cultural.”
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
Father of American Landscape Architecture
Wrote Public Parks and the Enlargement of
Towns
Designed Central Park, New York
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CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK
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EBENEZER HOWARD
Introduced the polycentric garden
cities and the concept of three magnets (urban-
countryside dis/advantages)
Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow
TO-MORROW: A PEACEFUL PATH TO REAL REFORM (1898)
GARDEN CITIES OF TO-MORROW(1902 reprint)
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LETCHWORTH, UK
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HELLERAU, GERMANY
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WELWYN, ENGLAND
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GREENBELTS IN THE UK
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“Make no little plans. They have no magic and
probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering
that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will
never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would
stagger us. Let your watchword be order and
your beacon, beauty. Think big.”
DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
Father of American City Planning
Planed Chicago, Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, Manila,
Baguio
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CHARLES EDOUARD
JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
“We must decongest the centers of our
cities by increasing their
density.”
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LE VILLE RADIEUSE(RADIANT CITY)
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STUVYESANT, NEW YORK
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RADBURN, NEW JERSEY
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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Designed the car-oriented Broadacre City (forerunner of suburbanization)
Created the quadruple block plan
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HENRY WRIGHT
Introduced the Superblock
Wrote The Report of the Commission in Housing and
Regional Planning for the State of New York
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CLARENCE STEIN
Materialized the greenbelt resettlement towns across America
Wrote the book New Towns for America
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SUNNYSIDE GARDENS, QUEENS
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CLARENCE PERRY
Introduced the concept of the
pedestrian-oriented neighborhood unit
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SIR PATRICK GEDDES
Father of Regional Planning
Wrote City Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens, and Culture Institutes; Civics as Applied Sociology; Cities in Evolution
Popularized the Survey Analysis Plan
Introduced the terms “conurbation” and “city-region” difference
Biologist and planner, sociologist and geographer
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THE VALLEY SECTION
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CONURBATION
TEL AVIV, ISRAEL JODHPUR, INDIA
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URBAN
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SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE
Re-planned London: The Country of London Plan
And the Greater London Regional Plan (Abercrombie Plan)
Started the New Towns movement in the UK; planned to combat sprawling by
resettlement
Wrote A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull
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ABERCROMIE PLAN:NEW TOWNS FOR POST-WAR
LONDON
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LEWIS MUMFORD
A historian-sociologist who studied cities and architecture
From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning is The City in History, which pointed out how technology and nature
could be harmonious. This also gave the concept of an organic city and rationalised how planning has various disciplines.
Mumford was friends with City Beautiful advocates Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, and Frederic Osborn.
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BENTON MCKAYE (1879-1975)
Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the eastern US
Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded the Wilderness Society. He championed regional conservationism
APPALACHIAN TRAIL
The Appalachian Trail extends from Georgia to Maine. It is the home to at least 2,000 plant and animal species. Millions of people take a shot at this
hike-only trail.
The Regional Planning Association of America.
Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing (a real estate developer), and Henry Wright.
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EDWARD MURRAY BASSET (1863-1948)
Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of American Zoning.
He was the first to use zoning as a means of implementing land use in New York. He
wrote books about zoning.
Also coined the term freeway and parkway
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DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA (1844-1920)
Made the concept of the Linear City, which has many parallel and specialised functions.
The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban forms. The lines help control
the expansion of a city.
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CIUDAD LINEAL(LINEAR CITY)
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CIUDAD LINEAL(LINEAR CITY)
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TONY GARNIER (1869-1948)
Followed Soria y Mata’s linear city and created the concept of a linear, industrial city. He envisioned the plan to cater to 35,000 residents, and followed the principles of function, greeneries, open space,
and exposure to the sunlight.
The industrial city is linked by circular patterns
He also already used the concept of zoning and labeled spaces into leisure, industry, work, and
transport.
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UN CITE INDUSTRIELLE
THOMAS ADAMS (1871-1940)
As an architect, he worked primarily on low-density residences or garden suburbs
Founded the British Town Planning Institute, became the Town Planning Advisor to the Local Government Board, then
moved to Canada and yet again became an adviser to the Commission of Conservation
Wrote the book Rural Planning and DevelopmentPushed for planning legislation by mandate, local plans,
zoning, building regulations, and recognised the responsibility of a licensed or professional planner. (This
stems all the way to our present laws.)http://www.kosmoid.net/planning/adams_files/image001.jpg
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS (1914-1975)
Studied the science of human settlements, known to us today as ekistics. This branch of science is vast and looks into the culture, economies, and
society in varying scales
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FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN (1888-1974)
As a sociologist and educator, he stressed the importance of quantifying social activities in an
evolving city through statistics.
He was the first to write the textbooks on urban and regional planning
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http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/rits/lowry.pdf
IRA LOWRY
Worked with ROBERT GARIN on a model. This model came up after a series of research on land use and transportation.
Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a metropolitan area. It generates an assessment that can be the basis for urban policy decisions.
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The model became a tool for urban and regional planning.
Looks at the relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human activities.
Shows gravity modelling (in transport planning, trip distribution), or the farther the distance, the more interaction declines (commonly known as distance decay.)
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WILLIAM LEVITT (1907-1994)
Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia / The Inventor of the Suburb
Mass produced houses that were affordable
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CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER (1905-1964)
An advocate of social and public housing. She authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was an adviser to five presidents.
Wrote the book Modern HousingShe also worked with Lewis Mumford
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ROBERT MOSES the Master Builder of New York. His
plans had parkways, expressways, and housing development all over the city
one of the most controversial figures in the history of urban planning
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Masterplan required the destruction of existing communities and
neighbourhoods to be built. This was an irony in doing supposedly public works.
The urban renewal under Moses was also done through gentrification, which means that renewal and rebuilding for investments
and “improvements” really displaced the poorer residents.
This was a problem of social exclusion. It drove away the poor, black neighbourhoods, and the “smaller” people of the community.
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/gentrification-brooklyn-human-rights-violation/402460/
GENTRIFICATION
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GENTRIFICATION
The renovation and renewal of old buildings
Arrival of wealthier people
Increase in rents and property values
Displacement of lower income families and small
businesses
Changes in the area’s culture and character
ADVOCACY AND EQUITY PLANNING
PAUL DAVIDOFF (1930-1984)
Father of Advocacy Planning. He paved the way to stand against the destructive effects of urban renewal
Wrote the famous article Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning
SAUL DAVID ALINSKY (1909-1972)
Founder of modern community organizing
Wrote the book Rules for Radicals
Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced neighbourhood organisations
SHERRY ARNSTEIN (d. 1997)
Social and health worker
Published an article on the ladder of citizen participation, which gave not only a voice but power to the citizens. This addressed how citizens were being victimised, and led the way to participatory planning.
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JANE JACOBS
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JANE JACOBS“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”
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JANE JACOBSAn urban activist who was
strong and vocal against urban renewal; she fought for new
urbanism
Wrote the powerful book The Death and Life of Great
American Cities, which was an open attack on urban
renewal; provided insight into the decline of neighbourhoods
in New York; became a voice for slums and communities
Her book and activism led to the eventual fall of urban
renewal towards city diversity, mixed-use, dense neighborhoods, and
vibrant communities.
Also wrote the book The Economy of Cities
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A marine biologist
Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting compilation and narrative of research about the detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and fertilisers on the living environment. This book launched a global environmental movement
Wrote Sea Around Us
RACHEL LOUISE CARSON (1907-1964)
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IAN MCHARG (1920-2001)
Was called an “architect who valued a site’s natural features” (New York Times)
Transformed efforts of traditional planning into environmental planning by using the technique of sieve mapping or overlay, which took into account the varied features of the environment.
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SIEVE MAPPING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
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BOUNDARIES
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NODES AND CENTERS
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THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF URBAN
SOCIOLOGY
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ERNEST W. BURGESS (1925)
First theory to represent American Cities: Chicago over a period of 50 years
Rebuilding after a fire: Social patterns and segregation
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HOMER HOYT (1939)
Economist, wrote during the age of automobiles
Looked into 142 American cities: Cities tend to grow with wedges because of transportation
roads
Growth follows present land use, strengthened by transportation access, affecting land values
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CHAUNCEY HARRIS AND EDWARD ULLMAN (1945)
City develops around various nuclei, not just the CBD; pointed out “growth centers”
Four geographic principles:1 Activities require highly specialized facilities
2 Activities cluster due to mutual profit3 Activities repel each other in some areas
4 Activities could not make profit if burdened by high rent
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