Medieval Church1000-1500

Renaissance Church 1500-1700

Enlightenment Church 1700-1900

Modern Church 1900-2000+

Early Church ~30-500

Emerging Church 500-1000 A.D.

Event: Crusades

• military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Catholic Church

• 1095, Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade

• with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem.

• intermittent 200-year struggle for control of the Holy Land,

• six more major crusades and numerous minor ones.

• 1291, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land falls

• After, Roman Catholic Europe mounted no further response

• Pursuing the stated goal led to some extreme violence

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Event: Crusades

• Crusading attracted men and women of all classes.

• Several hundred thousand Roman Catholic Christians became crusaders by taking a public vow and receiving plenary indulgences from the church

• Temporary Crusader states in Holy Land expanded trade to Europe

• United Europe under the pope, though armies are still commanded by feudal lords

• Armies pillaged, lords refused to return lands to Byzantium

• Constantinople is sacked by Western Christians – Byzantine Empire never recovers, Muslims conquer Constantinople in 1453

• Other violence includes massacres of Jews and Muslims

Crusades: Unifying or Divisive?

Unity Division

Unites WesternEurope under Pope

Alienates Orthodox Church

Opens new trade ‘overseas’

Slaughters Jews and Muslims

Gets people excited

Ends in failure

Event: Universities• most new universities were founded from pre-existing

schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education.

• Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries

• Bologna, Paris, Oxford were first in Europe

• Latin was the language of the university,• used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations.

• Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine.

• Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology.

• “an incubator of scientific thought and arguments”

University of Bologna

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Event: Universities

St. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274• Joined the new Dominican Order against

his family’s wishes

• Studied, taught at Paris & Cologne universities

• Greatest and most influential theologian

• Used Greek philosophy to help understand themeaning of Christian faith

• Wrote “Summa Theologica” a summary of allChristian teaching - about 10,000 objections are proposed and answered

• Had mystical experiences – eventually could not write any more because all he had written was “straw” compared to the real thing

Avignon Papacy

• Avignon Papacy 1309 to 1377,

• seven successive popes resided in Avignon, France, rather than in Rome

• This situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.

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St. Catherine of Siena 1347-1380• A mystic and influential in the ‘real’ world

• Taught about the interior room, “a dwelling place that is spiritual and you carry it with you constantly”

• Had repeated visions of Jesus and saints, including “Mystical Marriage”

• Became an “at home nun” with Dominicans

• Wrote The Dialogue of Divine Providence: a dialogue between a soul who "rises up" to God and God himself.

• “Doctor of the Church” – her work correctly expresses Catholic belief

• Became influential in Italian and European politics

• Went to Avignon to convince the pope to return to Rome

Division: Western Schism

• a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1418.

• Several men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope.

• Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement

• After Gregory XI returned to Rome, cardinals elected a new pope

• Urban VI turned out to be a bit crazy

• Already, there was powerful politics for another French pope

• The same cardinals left Rome and elected a new pope, while the first one still reigned

• Europe was divided in Papal loyalty – neither pope would resign

• 1409: tried to solve the problem by electing a third pope

• the schism was ended by the Council of Constance

• rival claims to the papacy hurt the reputation of the office

Inquisition

• A judicial court within the Church• aim is to combat heresy, able to torture and kill• Started in 12th century• Expanded greatly, especially into the Reformation• One historical estimate: 150,000 people were tried, of which about

3,000 were executed• Especially in Spain and Portugal: converted Jews and Muslims were

tried to test whether they had reverted • International inquisition ended in 19th century, but within the

Vatican continues as “Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith”• «the duty proper to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is

to promote and safeguard the doctrine on the faith and morals throughout the Catholic world: for this reason everything which in any way touches such matter falls within its competence.»

• «spread sound doctrine and defend those points of Christian tradition which seem in danger because of new and unacceptable doctrines.»