4
2010 SEP. 092 In answer to such questions I have good news and not as good news. First some good news: most businesses do and will not need overly long contracts with tiny print and hard-to-understand terms. Another piece of good news: a well-written, well- negotiated contract will be invaluable to you and your business by clarifying your relationship with your customer/ Contract Negotiation And Drafting Perhaps one of the biggest challenges for business people (at least initially) is negotiating and drafting a contract. Many people assume that contracts must be forty to eighty page documents with lots of small print and terms so hard to understand they could almost be their own language. In fact, many refer to overly legalistic terms as “legalese” . Who wants or needs that type of “contract”? How would such a contract be helpful to you or to your business? Why can you not just sit down with your potential client or customer, come to an understanding and simply shake hands? Is that not how we used to do things? client and minimizing or even avoiding disputes or misunderstandings. Now some not so good news: the world has changed drastically since the days of the handshake (also known as the gentlemans agreement ) and without a written, enforceable agreement businesses can find themselves having trouble getting paid, or worse, owing money to a client that they would not have owed had there been a clearly written enforceable contract. The information in this article can help you make sure you have such a clearly written and enforceable contract. Perhaps the most important thing that you as a businessperson should do when you are negotiating a contract is to make sure that you or someone from your company is 实务指南 Law Practic Janette S. Levey, Esq. In-House Counsel, Joulé, Inc.

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2010 SEP.092

I n a n s w e r t o s u c h

q u e s t i o n s I h a v e g o o d

n e w s a n d n o t a s g o o d n e w s .

F i r s t s o m e g o o d n e w s : m o s t

b u s i n e s s e s d o a n d w i l l n o t n e e d

o v e r l y l o n g c o n t r a c t s w i t h t i n y

p r i n t a n d h a r d - t o - u n d e r s t a n d

t e r m s . A n o t h e r p i e c e o f g o o d

n e w s : a w e l l - w r i t t e n , w e l l -

n e g o t i a t e d c o n t r a c t w i l l b e

i n v a l u a b l e t o y o u a n d y o u r

b u s i n e s s b y c l a r i f y i n g y o u r

r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r c u s t o m e r /

Contract Negotiation And Drafting

Perhaps one of the biggest challenges for business people (at least initially) is negotiating and drafting a contract. Many people assume that contracts must be forty to eighty page documents with lots of small print and terms so hard to understand they could almost be their own language. In fact, many refer to overly legalistic terms as “legalese”. Who wants or needs that type of “contract”? How would such a contract be helpful to you or to your business? Why can you not just sit down with your potential client or customer, come to an understanding and simply shake hands? Is that not how we used to do things?

c l i e n t a n d m i n i m i z i n g o r

e v e n a v o i d i n g d i s p u t e s o r

m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s . N o w s o m e

n o t s o g o o d n e w s : t h e w o r l d h a s

c h a n g e d d r a s t i c a l l y s i n c e t h e

d a y s o f t h e h a n d s h a k e ( a l s o

k n o w n a s t h e “g e n t l e m a n’s

a g r e e m e n t ”) a n d w i t h o u t a

w r i t t e n , e n f o r c e a b l e a g r e e m e n t

b u s i n e s s e s c a n f i n d t h e m s e l v e s

h a v i n g t r o u b l e g e t t i n g p a i d ,

o r w o r s e , o w i n g m o n e y t o a

c l i e n t t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t h a v e

o w e d h a d t h e r e b e e n a c l e a r l y

w r i t t e n e n f o r c e a b l e c o n t r a c t .

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s a r t i c l e

c a n h e l p y o u m a k e s u r e y o u

h a v e s u c h a c l e a r l y w r i t t e n a n d

e n f o r c e a b l e c o n t r a c t .

P e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

t h i n g t h a t y o u a s a

b u s i n e s s p e r s o n s h o u l d d o w h e n

y o u a r e n e g o t i a t i n g a c o n t r a c t

i s t o m a k e s u r e t h a t y o u o r

s o m e o n e f r o m y o u r c o m p a n y i s

实务指南Law Practic

Janette S. Levey, Esq.In-House Counsel, Joulé, Inc.

Page 2: Chief legal officer 0910

2010 SEP.093

t h e o n e d r a f t i n g t h e c o n t r a c t .

W h y ? I f y o u o r y o u r c o m p a n y i s

t h e o n e d r a f t i n g t h e c o n t r a c t ,

t h e n y o u c a n i n c l u d e a l l

i t e m s o n y o u r w i s h l i s t i n t h e

c o n t r a c t , u s i n g t h e l a n g u a g e

o f y o u r c h o i c e a n d t h a t w i l l g o

a l o n g w a y t o w a r d s t r u c t u r i n g

t h e d e a l a n d s e t t i n g t h e t o n e

o f t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s , i f n o t t h e

e n t i r e b u s i n e s s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Yo u m a y b e a b l e t o l i m i t t h e

i s s u e s r a i s e d b y t h e o t h e r p a r t y

a s s / h e m a y r e s p o n d t o t h e

p o i n t s y o u r a i s e i n y o u r d r a f t

b e f o r e s / h e r a i s e s a n y p o i n t s

o f h i s o r h e r o w n . Yo u a l s o g e t

t o a v o i d h a v i n g t o r e n e g o t i a t e

s o m e o n e e l s e’s f i r s t d r a f t ,

w h i c h u l t i m a t e l y , m a y b e m o r e

t i m e c o n s u m i n g t h a n p r e p a r i n g

y o u r o w n f i r s t d r a f t . O f t e n I

a m a s k e d w h e t h e r o n e s h o u l d

u s e a s a m p l e o r f o r m c o n t r a c t .

M y a n s w e r u s u a l l y i s y e s , b u t

u s e i t a s a g u i d e . I f y o u r e l y

t o o m u c h o n s o m e o n e e l s e’s

f o r m , y o u m a y e n d u p i n c l u d i n g

l a n g u a g e t h a t d o e s n o t a p p l y

t o y o u r s i t u a t i o n . T h e l a n g u a g e

m a y e v e n b e m o r e f a v o r a b l e

t o t h e o t h e r p a r t y a n d n o t s o

f a v o r a b l e t o y o u . Yo u m i g h t w a n t

t o c o n s u l t w i t h a n a t t o r n e y,

e s p e c i a l l y i f y o u e x p e c t t o

e n t e r i n t o t h e s a m e t y p e o f

c o n t r a c t m o r e t h a n o n c e . A n

a t t o r n e y c a n h e l p y o u d r a f t a

s t a n d a r d c o n t r a c t t h a t w i l l b e

a p p r o p r i a t e f o r y o u r b u s i n e s s’s

n e e d s . W h a t e v e r y o u d o , d o n o t

u s e t h e o t h e r p a r t y’s c o n t r a c t

t e r m s a s y o u r m o d e l . T h e o t h e r

p a r t y’s c o n t r a c t i s w i l l l i k e l y

h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n w i t h t h e

o t h e r p a r t y’s b e s t i n t e r e s t s i n

m i n d , a n d t h e r e f o r e m a y n o t

b e t o o f a v o r a b l e t o y o u o r y o u r

b u s i n e s s .

S o y o u h a v e d e c i d e d t o e n t e r

i n t o a c o n t r a c t w i t h s o m e o n e ,

e i t h e r a n i n d i v i d u a l o r b u s i n e s s .

Yo u n o w k n o w t h a t y o u a r e

g o i n g t o d r a f t t h e c o n t r a c t s o

t h a t y o u w i l l b e i n s t r u m e n t a l

i n s t r u c t u r i n g t h e d e a l a n d t h e

c o n t r a c t t h a t a r i s e s o u t o f t h a t

d e a l . I a m o f t e n a s k e d i f o n e

n e e d s t o i n c l u d e r e c i t a l s ( a l s o

k n o w n a s “w h e r e a s c l a u s e s”)

i n a c o n t r a c t . T h e s h o r t a n s w e r

i s n o , r e c i t a l s a r e u s u a l l y

n o t n e c e s s a r y e l e m e n t s t o a

c o n t r a c t . H e r e i s a n e x a m p l e

o f h o w w h e r e a s c l a u s e s m i g h t

r e a d :

W h e r e a s t h e S e l l e r w i s h e s

t o s e l l h i s 2 0 0 7 I n f i n i t i M 3 5

a u to m o b i l e ; a n d

W h e r e a s t h e B u y e r w i s h e s t o

p u r c h a s e f r o m t h e S e l l e r , t h e

S e l l e r’s 2 0 0 7 I n f i n i t i M 3 5 ;

T h e s e c l a u s e s u s u a l l y a p p e a r

i n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c o n t r a c t

b e f o r e a n y o f t h e a c t u a l t e r m s .

T h e y a r e l a r g e l y u n n e c e s s a r y

b e c a u s e y o u n e e d o n l y w r i t e i n

t h e b o d y o f t h e c o n t r a c t t h a t

S e l l e r a g r e e s t o s e l l a n d t h e

B u y e r a g r e e s t o b u y S e l l e r’s

2 0 0 7 I n f i n i t i M 3 5 f o r t h e s u m

o f $ 3 5 , 0 0 0 . W h e n w o u l d y o u

w a n t t o i n c l u d e r e c i t a l s i n y o u r

c o n t r a c t? P e r h a p s w h e n t h e r e

a r e s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

l e a d i n g y o u t o c h o o s e t h e

s e r v i c e s o f o n e c o m p a n y o v e r

a n o t h e r , o r y o u h a v e s p e c i a l

c o n c e r n s t h a t y o u w a n t t o

m a k e c l e a r i n t h e c o n t r a c t . Fo r

e x a m p l e , s u p p o s e y o u c h o s e t o

b u y t h e I n f i n i t i M 3 5 f r o m J a n e

D o e b e c a u s e s h e t o l d y o u t h a t

s h e o n l y d r o v e i t 10 , 0 0 0 m i l e s

a n d y o u a b s o l u t e l y d o n o t w a n t

t o b u y a n I n f i n i t i w i t h m o r e

t h a n 10 , 0 0 0 m i l e s o n i t . A s i d e

f r o m c h e c k i n g t h e m i l e a g e , t h e

m i l e a g e m a y b e s o i m p o r t a n t

t o y o u t h a t y o u w a n t i t i n c l u d e d

a s a r e c i t a l i n t h e c o n t r a c t . I f

y o u l a t e r f i n d o u t t h a t J a n e D o e

h a d t h e o d o m e t e r t u r n e d b a c k

( w h i c h a d m i t t e d l y i s h a r d e r t o

d o t h e s e d a y s ) y o u m i g h t h a v e

g r o u n d s t o r e s c i n d t h e c o n t r a c t

a n d g e t y o u r m o n e y b a c k i f t h a t

p o i n t i s i n c l u d e d a s a r e c i t a l

i n t h e c o n t r a c t , b e c a u s e t h e

j u d g e o r a r b i t r a t o r w i l l s e e

c l e a r l y t h a t y o u m a d e i t c l e a r

h o w i m p o r t a n t t h e m i l e a g e

w a s a n d t h a t y o u r e l i e d o n

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h a t t h e c a r

h a d n o t b e e n d r i v e n m o r e t h a n

10 , 0 0 0 m i l e s .

W h a t d o y o u a c t u a l l y n e g o t i a t e ,

a n d h o w d o y o u d r a f t t h e

c o n t r a c t? Yo u w i l l w a n t t o a s k

y o u r s e l f a n d t h e o t h e r p a r t y t h e

Page 3: Chief legal officer 0910

2010 SEP.094

f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s :

1.What exactly is the transaction going to be and who are the parties to the transaction? I s i t a s a l e o f g o o d s o r s a l e

o f s e r v i c e s? A r e y o u t h e b u y e r

o r t h e s e l l e r o f t h e g o o d s

o r s e r v i c e s? M a k e s u r e y o u

p r o p e r l y i d e n t i f y w h o i s w h o ,

u s e t h e p r o p e r n a m e s a n d

b e s p e c i f i c a s t o e i t h e r w h a t

g o o d s a r e b e i n g s o l d a n d t h e

q u a n t i t y , o r w h a t s e r v i c e s

w i l l b e p e r f o r m e d . Yo u w i l l

w a n t to i n c l u d e t h e p e r s o n o r

c o m p a n y’s a d d r e s s a n d / o r

o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t h e l p s

y o u i d e n t i f y t h e p a r t i e s t o t h e

a g r e e m e n t . Fo r e x a m p l e , y o u d o

n o t s i m p l y s a y, “ B u y e r a g r e e s

t o b u y s e l l e r’s c a r” b u t r a t h e r ,

“ B u y e r , J o h n S m i t h , r e s i d i n g a t

1 2 3 F i r s t S t r e e t , A n y To w n , U S A

a g r e e s t o b u y f r o m S e l l e r , J a n e

D o e , r e s i d i n g a t 4 5 6 S e c o n d

S t r e e t , A n y To w n , U S A , a n d

S e l l e r J a n e D o e a g r e e s t o s e l l

t o B u y e r , J o h n S m i t h , h i s 2 0 0 7

I n f i n i t i M 3 5 , f o r $ 3 5 , 0 0 0 .” W h y

a r e t h o s e s p e c i f i c s i m p o r t a n t?

J o h n S m i t h m a y t h i n k h e i s

b u y i n g a 2 0 0 7 I n f i n i t i f r o m J a n e

D o e r e s i d i n g a t 4 5 6 S e c o n d

S t r e e t i n A n y To w n , U S A , b u t i f

t h e c o n t r a c t d o e s n o t s p e c i f y

t h o s e d e t a i l s h e m a y f i n d o u t

t h a t t h e S e l l e r i s r e a l l y J a n e’s

c o u s i n w h o l i v e s a t 7 8 9 T h i r d

S t r e e t i n N e w a r k , N J a n d i s

s e l l i n g h i s 19 9 0 Fo r d E s c o r t .

O b v i o u s l y , t h a t i s n o t t h e

t r a n s a c t i o n t h a t J o h n S m i t h h a d

i n m i n d !

2.What are the payment terms? S u p p o s e y o u r n e x t - d o o r

n e i g h b o r s h i r e y o u to p a i n t t h e i r

h o u s e . H o w m u c h w i l l y o u b e

p a i d , w h e n a n d h o w w i l l y o u b e

p a i d , a n d w i l l p a y m e n t d e p e n d

i n a n y w a y o n f u l f i l l i n g c e r t a i n

c o n d i t i o n s? Fo r e x a m p l e , y o u

w o u l d r a t h e r b e s p e c i f i c a n d

s t a te t h a t y o u e x p e c t to s t a r t t h e

j o b o n S e p te m b e r 1, c o m p l e te t h e

j o b n o l a te r t h a n S e p te m b e r 8 ,

a n d b e p a i d $ 6 5 0 n o l a te r t h a n

5 p . m . S e p te m b e r 8 . T h i s n o w

l e a d s to f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t

a r e a d d r e s s e d b e l o w.

3.Is there a critical deadline that goods or services must be delivered in full? C o n t r a c t c l a u s e s t h a t s p e c i f y

s u c h a d e a d l i n e a r e k n o w n a s

t i m e o f t h e e s s e n c e c l a u s e s ,

a f t e r w h i c h t h e o t h e r p a r t y

c a n d e c l a r e y o u i n b r e a c h o f

t h e c o n t r a c t a n d a s k a c o u r t

t o o r d e r y o u t o p a y m o n e y

d a m a g e s . I n t h e h o u s e p a i n t i n g

e x a m p l e a b o v e , i f y o u d o n o t

f i n i s h t h e j o b o n S e p t e m b e r 8 ,

w i l l y o u b e p a i d i n f u l l o r w i l l

t h e r e b e a p e n a l t y f o r e a c h d a y

b e y o n d S e p t e m b e r 8 t h a t t h e

j o b r e m a i n s u n f i n i s h e d ? D o y o u

w a n t t o b e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e i f

y o u u n f o r e s e e n c i r c u m s t a n c e s

r e n d e r y o u u n a b l e t o f i n i s h

t h e j o b b y S e p t e m b e r 8 ? I n

t h e h o u s e p a i n t i n g e x a m p l e

t h e s e a r e p o i n t s t h a t y o u

s h o u l d c o n s i d e r w h e n y o u a r e

n e g o t i a t i n g .

4. Is there a key event or condition that must occur before you or the other party becomes fully obligated under the contract? T h i s i s k n o w n a s a c o n d i t i o n

p r e c e d e n t . I n t h e a b o v e

e x a m p l e w h e r e y o u a r e p a i n t i n g

y o u r n e x t d o o r n e i g h b o r s’

h o u s e , t h e r e i s o n e c o n d i t i o n

p r e c e d e n t : y o u m u s t c o m p l e t e

t h e p a i n t j o b n o l a t e r t h a n

S e p t e m b e r 8 .

5. What happens if the buyer does not pay or pays late? I n t h e c a s e o f t h e p a i n t j o b ,

s u p p o s e y o u c o m p l e te t h e p a i n t

j o b o n t i m e a n d a s p r o m i s e d a n d

y o u r n e i g h b o r s d o n o t p a y? W h a t

h a p p e n s n o w? C a n y o u c h a r g e

i n te r e s t? I f s o , h o w m u c h?

E x a c t l y h o w i s t h e i n t e r e s t

c a l c u l a t e d ? C a n y o u c h a r g e a

l a t e f e e? H o w m u c h?

I f y o u h a v e t o f i l e a l a w s u i t t o

g e t p a i d , c a n y o u c h a r g e y o u r

n e i g h b o r s f o r c o u r t c o s t s a n d

a t t o r n e y s’ f e e s? G e n e r a l l y y o u

w i l l o n l y b e a b l e t o i f y o u h a v e

i n c l u d e d t e r m s i n y o u r c o n t r a c t

t h a t a l l o w y o u t o d o s o .

6.What happens if there is a defect in the goods or services?

实务指南Law Practic

Page 4: Chief legal officer 0910

2010 SEP.095

Supp os e you enter i n to a cont r ac t

w i t h Roy a l Fork L i f t s to suppl y

you r w a r ehou s e’s fork l i f t s . You

ha v e p a id t he ag r e e d up on pr ice

a nd t he nex t da y a l l t he fork l i f t s

br e a k a nd you ca n pr o v e t ha t

ne i t her you nor you r employe es

a r e a t fa u l t . A r e you ent i t le d to

you r mone y b ack? A r e you ent i t le d

to f r e e r ep a i r s or r ep lacements?

T ha t aga i n w i l l dep end on wha t

you r cont r ac t s a y s .

7.If you have contracted to buy a product or service, are other goods, equipment,training or manuals needed? I f s o , d o e s y o u r a g r e e m e n t

i n c l u d e t h o s e s u p p l e m e n t a l

g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s o r d o y o u

h a v e t o o b t a i n t h e m f r o m y e t

a n o t h e r v e n d o r? Fo r e x a m p l e , i f

y o u b u y a c o m p u t e r f r o m y o u r

l o c a l c o m p u t e r s a l e s p e r s o n ,

w h a t i f a n y s o f t w a r e i s

i n c l u d e d ? I s i t i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e

l a t e s t v e r s i o n o f P o w e r P o i n t

t o b e i n c l u d e d a s p a r t o f t h e

p r i c e? I f s o , y o u w o u l d i n s i s t

t h a t i t b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e d e a l

a n d i n a n y w r i t t e n a g r e e m e n t .

8. Who will pay taxes and/or shipping costs? R e t u r n i n g t o o u r f o r k l i f t

e x a m p l e , i f t h e c o n t r a c t i s

s i l e n t a s t o t a x e s o r s h i p p i n g

c o s t s , g u e s s w h a t? Yo u , t h e

b u y e r w i l l p r o b a b l y h a v e t o p a y

f o r t h e t a x e s a n d / o r s h i p p i n g

c o s t s . I f y o u f e e l s t r o n g l y t h a t

t h e s e l l e r s h o u l d p a y t h e t a x e s

o r s h i p p i n g c o s t s , y o u w i l l w a n t

t o n e g o t i a t e a n d t r y t o g e t t h a t

p o i n t i n y o u r c o n t r a c t .

O b v i o u s l y n o a r t i c l e c a n

c o v e r a l l q u e s t i o n s o r p o i n t s

y o u w a n t t o c o v e r i n y o u r

c o n t r a c t . T h e a b o v e i s s i m p l y

i n t e n d e d a s a g u i d e l i n e t o g e t

y o u s t a r t e d . A r e t h e r e o t h e r

p r o v i s i o n s t h a t s h o u l d b e i n

j u s t a b o u t a n y c o n t r a c t? Ye s .

S o m e o f p r o v i s i o n s i n c l u d e t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

A c la u s e ent i t l i ng t he pr e v a i l i ng

p a r t y i n a la w su i t o r a rb i t r a t ion to

co l le c t a t tor ne y’s fe es .

A c l a u s e r e q u i r i n g t h a t a n y

a m e n d m e n t s t o t h e c o n t r a c t

m u s t b e r e d u c e d t o w r i t i n g a n d

s i g n e d b y t h e p a r t i e s t o t h e

c o n t r a c t .

A c la u s e s ta t i ng t ha t t he

cont r ac t ca n not b e ass ig ne d to

a nyone e l s e u n less b o t h p a r t ies to

t he cont r ac t con s ent i n w r i t i ng.

A c l a u s e p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h e

c o n t r a c t a n d o n l y t h e c o n t r a c t

i s t h e e n t i r e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n

t h e p a r t i e s a n d s u p e r s e d e s a l l

p r e v i o u s a g r e e m e n t s .

T h e a b o v e q u e s t i o n s a n d

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p o i n t t o t w o

o v e r r i d i n g t h e m e s w h e n i t c o m e s

t o n e g o t i a t i n g a n d d r a f t i n g a

c o n t r a c t : 1 . Never assume that

all parties have the same

understanding as to what

the terms or your agreement

will be. A l t h o u g h y o u w a n t t h e

c o n t r a c t t o b e b r i e f , i f a t e r m i s

i m p o r t a n t t o y o u a n d y o u h a v e

a n y d o u b t s o r c o n c e r n s , i n c l u d e

i t i n t h e c o n t r a c t . Yo u c a n b e

f a i r l y s u r e t h a t n o t w o p e o p l e

o r p a r t i e s w i l l e a c h c o m e t o

e x a c t l y t h e s a m e u n d e r s t a n d i n g

o n t h e i r o w n . I f y o u d o n o t w o r k

o u t t h e e s s e n t i a l a s p e c t s o f

y o u r a g r e e m e n t a n d s e t i t i n

w r i t i n g b e f o r e h a n d , t h e n , i n t h e

e v e n t o f a d i s p u t e a t h i r d p a r t y

t r i b u n a l ( s u c h a s a j u d g e o r

a r b i t r a t o r ) w i l l h a v e d i f f i c u l t y

f i g u r i n g o u t w h a t t h e p a r t i e s

a g r e e d t o , w h i c h m e a n s a t

l e a s t o n e p a r t y w i l l w a l k a w a y

w i t h a l e s s t h a n s a t i s f a c t o r y

r e s o l u t i o n . 2 . Everything is

negotiable. W h i l e t h e r e i s

n o g u a r a n t e e y o u w i l l g e t a l l

t h e i t e m s y o u n e g o t i a t e i n t o

t h e c o n t r a c t , i f s o m e t h i n g i s

i m p o r t a n t t o y o u , t h e n y e s , y o u

c a n n e g o t i a t e i t . N o t d o i n g s o

g u a r a n t e e s t h a t y o u w i l l n o t g e t

y o u r n e e d s a d d r e s s e d .

N o w t h a t y o u h a v e r e a d t h i s

a r t i c l e , y o u w i l l b e t h i n k i n g

a b o u t t h e t e r m s t h a t a r e m o s t

i m p o r t a n t t o y o u a n d y o u w i l l

b e i n a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o a v o i d

o r m i n i m i z e d i s p u t e s a n d f o c u s

o n r u n n i n g y o u r b u s i n e s s a n d ,

h o p e f u l l y m a k i n g m o n e y !

D i s c l a i m e r : T h i s a r t i c l e i s f o r

i n f o r m a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s o n l y

a n d i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o t a k e