CHEMISTRY HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES Metacognition activity

Hydrocarbons Derivatives

José Ángel García Sánchez ID: 1722659Brenda Karina Rangel ID:

Ivan Rigoberto Ibarra Rodriguez ID: 173407Abril Ameyal Loyola Nuño ID: 1739803

Ingrid Tatiana Serna Martínez ID: 1738309

CHEMISTRY: Selected Topics | Stage #1 | Metacognition Activity | Group 408

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Introduction

Generalities

Chemical Reaction

Daily-Life Applications and Examples

Bibliography

Introduction

The hydrocarbons derivatives are

formed when one or more Hydrogen

atoms are replaced by an element or a groups of elements

other than Hydrogen.

A functional group is a

reactive group of atoms (eg. –

OH)

Due to the reactivity of the

functional groups, we can determine the physical and

chemical properties of compounds.

We also classify

compounds based on

these groups.

Generalities

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF HALOALKANE: ALCOHOL FORMATION

It´s a substitution reaction where one alkyl halide react with a strong base:

FORMULA: X + NaOH OH + NaX

EXAMPLE:

Cl + NaOH OH + NaCl

Ethyl Alcohol (alcohol)

Sodium hydroxide (base)

Sodium chloride (salt)

Ethyl chloride (haloalkane)

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: OXIDATION PRIMARY

In oxidation, as we know, involves oxygen which is proportionated to a strong oxidant agent. In this case the primary alcoholes are oxided to aldehydes and this oxidyze in order to créate carboxylic acids.

FORMULA:

EXAMPLE:

R CH OH + R OH + Oxidant

Primary alcohol Aldehyde

CH O + OH + Ethanol Ethanal

at 250° C

CH O + COOH Ethanal Acetic Acid

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: OXIDATION SECONDARY

In oxidation, as we know, involves oxygen which is proportionated to a strong oxidant agent. In this case the secondary alcohol can oxidyze to ketones.

FORMULA:R C R + R R +

Secondary alcohol

Ketone

OH O

EXAMPLE:

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: ESTERIFICATION

In esterification, the alcoholes can react with carboxylic acids in a half hot acid, creating esters, which have a sweet odor and are used in roder to synthetize fragances and fruits.

FORMULA:

EXAMPLES:

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALCOHOLES: FERMENTATION

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast perform fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. It

´s the main method to produce alcohol

FORMULA:

NOTES ABOUT ALCOHOL REACTIONS:

1.- the most common oxidants are: Cooper (Cu), Chromo trioxid (Cr), Potassium dichromat ( ) and Potassium Permanganete ( )

2.- The tertiary level alcohls in fact do not really react to oxidize

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: OXIDATION

In oxidation, the aldehydes and ketones have the facility to be oxdized. The aldehydes are oxidized wit facility even in soft or moderate conditions, giving as a product carboxylic acids, nor like ketones,

which can resist to oxidqation. Thish is because of the hydrogen of carbón from the carbonilic group of the aldehyde, which ketones doesn´t have it. This hydrogen is lost during oxidation. In other words, ketones do not react to oxidation.

FORMULA:

EXAMPLES:

BOTH OF THEM ARE ALDEHYDES

Chemical ReactionREACTION OF AMINES: ACID-BASE REACTION

In acid-base reaction, the acids and base react together in order to form water and a salt, the amines can do it to, being acids and also act as a base. The amines, having some characteristics of bases, are considered organic

bases, by that they can react with acids in order to make salts.

EXAMPLE:


• Iodoethane (methyl idodide)– Intermediate in the manufacture

of some pharmaceuticals and pesticides.

– Proposed uses of methyl iodide are as a fire extinguisher

– Used as an insecticidal fumigant.

Haloalkanes


• Ethanol– Alcoholic drinks production– Biofuel in cars– As a solvent for perfumes

• Esters; ethyl propanoate (ethyl acetate)– Artificial fruit essences and aroma

enhancers– Artificial flavors for confectionery, ice

cream and cakes– as a solvent in many applications

(including decaffeinating tea and coffee) for varnishes and paints (nail varnish remover)

– manufacture of printing inks and perfumes.

Alcohols


• Methanal (formaldehyde)– Its largest application is in the

production of certain polymeric materials: adhesives and coatings.

– It is used in tanning, preserving, and embalming and as a germicide, fungicide and insecticide for plants and vegetables.

Aldehydes


• Propanone (acetone)– the most common use of acetone is as the active

ingredient in nail polish remover.– As a solvent for many different materials, such

as plastics or other man-made, petroleum-based substances.

– As an additive in makeup and some kinds of food. In particular it can be found in bread where it helps to mature and bleach flour.

– As an additive to the gasoline in their cars. The chemical's dissolving power seems to come in handy cleaning off engine buildup, allowing the vehicles to run more smoothly.

Ketones


• Methanoic acid (formic acid)– Used in the production of leather. – Used in textile and rubber industries.– Because of its natural antibacterial

properties is used in antibacterial preservative and pesticide and food additives-

Countries such as Austria and Switzerland. These countries, which fight bitter winters and very dangerous roads, are now using formates, which are the salts that are derived from formic acid (increase the gripping ability).

Carboxylic acids


• Amines; 1-aminopropane (propylamine)– The main applications can be

found in the production of agricultural chemicals a well known fungicide)

– Used in active pharmaceutical ingredients

Amines

BibliographyClark, Jim. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/amines/base.html. 2004. 01 de 02 de 2016.

Martinez Javier, Morales Guadalupe, Tehuitzitl Felipe, Rodriguez Maria. Temas Selectos de Quimica. Mexico D.F.: UANL, 2015.

Wade, Leory G. http://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-compound. 24 de 07 de 2015. 01 de 02 de 2016.• Acidpedia. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 4, 2016, from Formic acid: http://acidpedia.org/formic_acid/• BASF. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 4, 2016, from http://product-finder.basf.com/group/corporate/product-finder/en/brand/

PROPYLAMINE• Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Aldehydes: http://www.britannica.com/science/aldehyde/Uses-of-

aldehydes• CHM. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Ethyl Acetate: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/ethylacetate/ethylv.htm• EHOW. (s.f.). Recuperado el 4 de Feb de 2016, de Common Uses of Chemical Acetone:

http://www.ehow.com/info_8625436_common-uses-chemical-acetone.html• EPA. (2015, September 9). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Mathyl Iodine:

http://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/methylio.html• GCSesscience. (2015). Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from Uses of Ethanol: http://www.gcsescience.com/o43.htm

Education

CHEMISTRY HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES Metacognition activity