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Differentiating the economies of the North and South
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North and SouthChapter 14 pp. 406 - 429
Section 1: Industry in the North
Main Idea:As the Northern
economy grew, new inventions and faster transportation changed the way goods were manufactured and shipped.
New Inventions
New inventions for farming were created in the North including new plows, reapers and drills.• Jethro Wood’s iron plow had
replaceable parts
• John Deere invented the more lightweight steel plow.
The Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844.
The device sent electrical signals down a wire in a code of dots, dashes, and spaces.
Communication across the country got faster and improved business efficiency.
The First Railroads
Locomotive – the engine that pulls railroad cars.
People didn’t like the idea of railroads at first:• Some feared losing jobs as wagon drivers
• There were many accidents including breakdowns and fires.
Eventually problems were fixed and by the 1850’s the railroad system was all over the country.
Yankee Clippers
Demand for imports and exports led to the need for fast trade ships.• Large masts and huge sails helped the ships
use more wind to move the ship faster.
By the 1850’s, English iron steamships were being used. • They were faster and sturdier than wooden
clipper ships.
The Northern Economy Expands Many factors led to an
expansion of the Northern economy: • Steam power• Machine-Produced goods• Railroad distribution of goods
Northern farmers left their homes to work in factories or as clerks or sailors due to the importation of cheap food from the West.
Section 2: Life in the North
Main Idea:Industry in the North
changed with the arrival of new immigrants and the efforts of factory workers to improve their working conditions.
Factory Conditions Become Worse
Artisans made small amounts of quality goods by hand.
Factory owners were more interested in volume; more goods = more money.
Workers labored for over 12 hours a day in unsafe conditions.• Sometimes entire families worked in one
factory.
Workers Join Together
Artisans formed trade unions to argue for better wages and conditions.• If their demands were not listened
to, worker would stop working (strike)
Women workers in New England textile mills organized as well.• Sarah Bagley formed the Lowell
Female Labor Reform Association.
A New Wave of Immigrants
Many people immigrated to America in the early 1840’s due to famines in Ireland and Germany.
Some native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants (Nativists).
• Know-Nothing Party – An anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party who met in secret.
• When asked, members said, “I know nothing.”
African Americans in the North There was discrimination against free African Americans in
the North. Some African Americans were successful.
• William Whipper – Lumberyard owner
• Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture business
• Henry Blair – invented a corn planting machine
• Macon Allen – first African American lawyer
• John Russwurn – editor of the first African American newspaper.
Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South
Main Idea
Cotton was the leading crop in the agricultural economy of the South
Cotton Gin, Cotton Boom
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin made processing raw cotton faster.• Cotton profits grew.
Cotton farming expanded to the West, as did slavery.• More slaves were needed to
pick more cotton on bigger farms.
An Agricultural Economy / Economically Dependent
Cotton was not the only cash crop of the South.
• Rice
• Tobacco
• Sugar Cane
• Livestock Industry was limited to
meeting the needs of the community, not for export.
Due to the lack of local industry, the South became dependent on the North for:• Furniture
• Farm Equipment
• Machines
Section 4: Life in the South
Main Idea:Most white
southerners were not plantation owners; however, the plantation system and slavery were the center of southern life.
The “Cottonocracy”
Wealthy planters with 20 or more slaves• Only 3% of Southerners
• Only 1% had more than 50 slaves. Most southern whites were not
part of the “Cottonocracy.” • Small Farmers – 75% of the
population
• Worked in the fields along side the slaves.
African Americans in the South Free African
Americans:• Most lived in the northern
part of the South (Maryland, Delaware) where slavery was declining.
• Slave owners made life very hard for free African Americans.
Enslaved African Americans:• 1/3 of the Southern
population by 1860
• Most lived difficult lives and were mistreated and abused.
• Slave Codes were laws that restricted the lives of slaves including learning to read or meet in groups.
Family Life and Religion
Families of slaves were often separated and sold, but extended families that were able to stay together were a source of strength, pride, and love.
Religion helped slaves cope with the conditions. • Most slaves were devout Christians and
would sing hymns and spirituals while working the fields.
Resistance Against Slavery
Some slaves escaped to the North, others would resist by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food.
Denmark Vesey was executed before he could stage a revolt.
Nat Turner and his followers killed 57 whites over two months before being caught and hung.