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CHAPTER 1, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (DAE 20102)
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DAE 20102COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
& ALGORITHM
LECTURER:NOORDIANA KASSIM
OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn:
Basic computer concepts Computer Software and hardware Computer classification The different types of programming
languages
Introduction To Computer & Programming
What is a computer? Electronic device that operates under the
control of instructions stored in memory units
Computer systems divided into two; hardware and software
Hardware: physical components of computer system
Software refers to a program or set of instructions that instructs a computer to perform some task.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Software can be divided into two major categories called system software and application software.
Systems software includes operating systems and various device drivers.
Application software are used to perform real-world tasks and solve specific problems.
A program is simply a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a particular task.
Programs are developed using programming languages.
A programming language provides a set of rules to develop a program. A person who writes a program using a programming language is called a programmer.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Computer Organization Input Unit Output Unit Memory Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Central Processing Unit Secondary Storage Unit
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Input and Output Unit
The most common types of I/O in PCs are:
Monitor - The monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the computer.
Keyboard - The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer.
Mouse - The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computer
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Memory Unit Memory - This is very fast storage used to hold data. It has to be
fast because it connects directly to the microprocessor. There are several specific types of memory in a computer:
Random-access memory (RAM) - Used to temporarily store information that the computer is currently working with
Read-only memory (ROM) - A permanent type of memory storage used by the computer for important data that does not change
Basic input/output system (BIOS) - A type of ROM that is used by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned on
Caching - The storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU
Virtual memory - Space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed
Introduction To Computer & Programming
ALU The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a
digital circuit that calculates an arithmetic operation (like an addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic operations (like an Exclusive Or) between two numbers
ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Central Processing Unit A microprocessor -- also known as a
CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Secondary Storage
Removable storage - Removable storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different location.
› Floppy disk - The most common form of removable storage, floppy disks are extremely inexpensive and easy to save information to.
› CD-ROM - CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) is a popular form of distribution of commercial software. Many systems now offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), which can also record.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
› Flash memory - Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory.
› DVD-ROM - DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more information.
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Early Operating Systems Batch processing
› Do only one job or task at a time Operating systems
› Manage transitions between jobs› Increased throughput
Amount of work computers process Multitasking
› Computer resources are shared by many jobs or tasks
Timesharing› Computer runs a small portion of one user’s
job then moves on to service the next use
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Personal Computing, Distributed Computing, and Client/Server Computing
Personal computers › Economical enough for individual
Distributed computing › Computing distributed over networks
Client/server computing› Sharing of information across computer
networks between file servers and clients (personal computers)
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Programming Languages Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Languages
Introduction To Computer & Programming
1. Machine languages Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
2. Assembly languages English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations (translated via assemblers) Example:
LOAD BASEPAYADD OVERPAYSTORE GROSSPAY
Introduction To Computer & Programming
3. High-level languages Codes similar to everyday English Use mathematical notations (translated via
compilers) Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada Fortran
› developed by IBM Corporation in the 1950s› used for scientific and engineering applications
that require complex mathematical computations
COBOL› developed in 1959 by computer manufacturers,
the government and industrial computer users› used for commercial applications that require
precise and efficient manipulation of large amounts of data
Introduction To Computer & Programming
Pascal› Developed by Professor Niklaus Wirth in
1971› Designed for teaching structured
programming Ada
› Developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) during the 1970s and early 1980s
› Able to perform multitasking
Structured Problem Solving
Flowchart › Graphical representation of an algorithm› Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols
connected by arrows called flow lines› Rectangle symbol (action symbol):
Indicates any type of action
› Oval symbol: Indicates the beginning or end of a program or a
section of code
Structured Problem Solving Flow chart components
Start/End
Process
Input/Output
ConditionStatement
Flow Lines
Connector
Structured Problem Solving
Pseudo code› Artificial, informal language that helps us
develop algorithms› Similar to everyday English› Not actually executed on computers › Helps us “think out” a program before
writing it Easy to convert into a corresponding C++
program Consists only of executable statements
Algorithm Example 1 /* This is a comment */ /* Name : Lab2.c */ /* Purpose : Prints C Program Example */ /* Author : Diana Kassim */
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("This is my first programming !!!"); return 0; }
Programming Errors
Three Types› Syntax Errors
Errors in code construction› Runtime Errors
Detect operations impossible to carry out› Logic Errors
Program does not perform the way it intended it to
Marks > 85
Enter Marks
Start
Display “GAGAL”
Display “LULUS”
End