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1
CHAPTER1
WORD UP!The BIG Picture!
Introduction to Science
Chapter
1
Area – LuasGravitational force – Daya gravitiHypothesis – HipotesisLength – PanjangMass – JisimNatural phenomena – Fenomena semula jadiVolume – Isi paduWeight – Berat
Year Paper 1Paper 2
PMR Past-year Questions
Sec. A Sec. B
2005 Q1
2006 Q1
2007 Q1, Q2
2008 Q1
2009 Q1
1
BA
B1
Konsep PENTING!
Pengenalankepada Sains
Bab
1ISTILAH!• Luas – Area
• Daya graviti – Gravitational force
• Hipotesis – Hypothesis
• Panjang – Length
• Jisim – Mass
• Fenomena semula jadi – Natural phenomena
• Isi padu – Volume
• Berat – Weight
S1
S1
S1, S2
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1, S2
S1
S1
Tahun Kertas 1Kertas 2
Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR
Bhg. A Bhg. B
2005 S1
2006 S1
2007 S1, S2
2008 S1
2009 S1
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2
BA
B1
Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah.
Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tigaTabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulatTabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turasSilinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tiselKelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen
1.1 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian• Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan
dengan sains
1.2 HP • Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalammakmal
1
Tabung uji
6
Silinder penyukat
2
Tabung didih
7
Pipet
3
Bikar
8
Buret
4
Kelalang kon
9
Kelalang dasar bulat
5
Kelalang volumetri
10
Corong tisel
Objektif Pembelajaran1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian
1.1 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi
Kontekstual
1.2 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya
Kontekstual
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
Tandakan (✓) dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi.
Objektif Pembelajaran1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains
2CHAPTER
1
Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below.
Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod standBoiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flaskTest tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnelMeasuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnelVolumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner
1.1 LO • Explain the importance of science in everyday life• Make a list of things around you that are related to
science
1.2 LO • Use some common scientific apparatus in thelaboratory
1
Test tube
6
Measuring cylinder
2
Boiling tube
7
Pipette
3
Beaker
8
Burette
4
Conical flask
9
Round-bottomed flask
5
Volumetric flask
10
Thistle funnel
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
Mark (✓) in the boxes provided the natural phenomena.
1.1DISCUSSION
Activity
Learning Objective1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life
Science and natural phenomenaContextual
1.2DISCUSSION
ActivityLaboratory apparatus and their uses
Contextual
Learning Objective1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory
Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Cha
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1In
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1.2 Knowing the safety precautions and apparatus in a science laboratoryDISCUSSION
Activity1.2 1 Name the apparatus that is used to
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday lifeDISCUSSION
Activity1.1 1 What are the occurrences in nature involving living things and non-living things called? (Natural phenomena)
2 Give three examples of natural phenomena. (Lightning, melting of ice, fl owers blossoming…) 3 Name the fi eld of knowledge that relates to the world around us. (Science) 4 State three branches of science. (Physic, chemistry and biology) 5 State three careers related to science. (Doctor, science teacher, biochemist…)
(a) hold small amounts of liquid (Test tube)(b) measure a fi xed volume of liquid (Pipette)(c) evaporate liquid (Evaporating dish)(d) measure the volume of a liquid (not accurate)
(Measuring cylinder)(e) measure accurately the volume of a liquid
(Pipette or burette)
(f) support apparatus such as beakers when heating them (Tripod stand)
(g) measure temperature (Thermometer)(h) transfer liquid into a container (Filter funnel)(i) hold a test tube when it is being heated. (Test
tube holder)(j) pick up solid chemicals (Spatula)
22
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Cha
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1In
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IND
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CHAPTER1
1.3 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
11
Filter funnel
16
Retort stand
12
Gas jar
17
Wire gauze
13
Evaporating dish
18
Tripod stand
14
Crucible
19
Bunsen burner
15
Glass trough
20
Glass rod
• Plan the investigation• Make hypothesis• Conduct experiment• Hypothesis
• Analyse data• Collect data• Make conclusions• Interpret data
• Science theory• Make report• Identify problem• Control variables
• Collect data
• Analyse data
• Interpret data
• Make conclusions
If hypothesis iswrong
Control variablesPlan the
investigationMake hypothesisIdentify problem
If hypothesis is right,science theory
is builtMake report
Arrange in the correct sequence the steps in a scientific investigation.TSTS
• Arranging
Learning Objective1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation
Conduct experiment
to test hypothesis
1.3DISCUSSION
ActivitySteps in a scientific investigation
Mastery
3
BA
B1
1.3 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
11
Corong turas
16
Kaki retort
12
Balang gas
17
Kasa dawai
13
Mangkuk penyejat
18
Tungku kaki tiga
14
Mangkuk pijar
19
Penunu Bunsen
15
Takung kaca
20
Rod kaca
• Merancang penyiasatan• Membuat hipotesis• Menjalankan eksperimen• Hipotesis
• Menganalisis data• Mengumpul data• Membuat kesimpulan• Mentafsirkan data
• Teori sains• Membuat laporan• Mengenal pasti masalah• Mengawal pemboleh ubah
Susun mengikut urutan yang betul bagi langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik.KBSB• Membuat urutan
• Mengumpul data
• Menganalisis data
• Mentafsirkan data
• Membuat kesimpulan
Jika hipotesis ditolak
Mengawal
pemboleh ubah
Merancang
penyiasatanMembuat hipotesis
Mengenal pasti
masalah
Jika hipotesis diterima,teori sains
dibinaMembuat laporan
Menjalankan eksperimen
untuk menguji hipotesis
Objektif Pembelajaran1.3 Memahami langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
1.3 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
Masteri
5 An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between time and temperature. The results obtained are recorded in the table below. State the types of variables shown by the time and the temperature.
Time Temperature10 3520 45
Time: …………………… (Variable that is manipulated) Temperature : …………………… (Variable that responds)
1.3 Understanding the steps in scientifi c investigationDISCUSSION
Activity1.3 1 What can be formed if a hypothesis is accepted after going through experiments? (Theory) 2 What can be done if the hypothesis formed is rejected? (A new hypothesis has to be formed)
DISCUSSIONActivity1.4 3 State two types of variables that are required to be related during the formation of a hypothesis.
(Manipulated variable and responding variable)GUIDED
Experiment PEKA1.5 4 State three types of variables. (Manipulated variable, responding variable and fi xed/constant/controlled variable)
33
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4
CHAPTER1
1.4 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation
Age of boys/yearLength of the
palms/cm
1 6
6 10
13 16
Determined the variable that is manipulated and that responds in the space provided below. Then,relate the variable that is manipulated and that responds to form a hypothesis.
(a) (b)
The length of the pendulum the time taken for 10 completeoscillations.Hint: manipulated variable affects the responding variable
The the length of pendulum, the the time taken for 10 complete oscillations. Hint: relate the manipulated variable with the responding variable
An investigation is carried out to study the length of palms of three boys of different ages. The results ofthe investigation are shown in the table below.
(a) Based on the results in the table above, draw abar chart to show the length of palms ofdifferent boys.
(b) State the variable that
(i) is manipulated:
(ii) responds: Length of the palms
Age of boy
SECTION B
longer/shorterlonger/shorterHYPOTHESIS
affectsINFERENCE
Variable that is manipulated and that responds can be determined fromthe table or the graph of a scientific investigation.
SECTION A
Variable that responds
Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s
Length of thependulum/cm
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
01 6 13
Age of boys/year
Length of palms/cm
Variable that ismanipulated
2006 Sec. B, Q8(c)
1.4DISCUSSION
ActivityMaking hypothesis and controlling variables
Mastery
Length of pendulum/cm 10 20 30 40 50
Time taken for 10
complete oscillations/s
Variable that is manipulated
(change)
Variable that responds
(result/observation)
stringpendulum
4
BA
B1
Tentukan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dalam ruang yang disediakan dibawah. Kemudian, hubung kaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah yangbergerak balas untuk membentuk satu hipotesis.
(a) (b)
Panjang bandul masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.Petunjuk: pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan mempengaruhi pemboleh ubahbergerak balas
Semakin bandul, semakin masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. Petunujuk: mengaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubahyang bergerak balas
Satu penyiasatan dijalankan untuk mengkaji panjang tapak tangan bagi tiga orang budak lelaki padaumur yang berlainan. Keputusan penyiasatan ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual di atas, lukissatu carta bar untuk menunjukkan panjang tapaktangan bagi budak lelaki yang berlainan.
(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang
(i) dimanipulasikan:
(ii) bergerak balas: Panjang tapak tangan
Umur budak lelaki
BAHAGIAN B
panjang/pendekpanjang/pendekHIPOTESIS
mempengaruhiINFERENS
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dapatditentukan daripada jadual atau graf bagi suatu penyiasatan saintifik.
BAHAGIAN A
1.4 HP • Menyatakan langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik
Panjang bandul/cm 10 20 30 40 50
Masa bagi 10
ayunan lengkap/s
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan
(berubah)Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas
Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas
(keputusan/pemerhatian)
Umur budak Panjang tapak
lelaki/tahun tangan/cm
1 6
6 10
13 16
Masa bagi 10 ayunanlengkap/s
Panjang bandul/cm
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 1 6 13Umur budak lelaki/tahun
Panjang tapak tangan/cm
Pemboleh ubah yangdimanipulasikan
1.4 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Membuat hipotesis dan mengawal pemboleh ubah
Masteri
2006 Bhg. B, S8(c)
benangbandul
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5
CHAPTER1
You are given materials, apparatus and information as shown in the diagram below. Design and carryout an experiment to study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation.
1.5 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation• Carry out a scientific investigation
retort stand
string
pendulum
A B
one complete oscillation(movement from A to Band then back again to A)
To study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation
How does the length of a simple pendulum affect its period of oscillation?
The shorter the length of the pendulum, the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillations.
(a) that is kept constant: Number of oscillation
(b) that is manipulated: Length of the simple pendulum(c) that responds: Time for 10 oscillations/Periods of oscillation
Pendulum, string
Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, stopwatch
1 Prepare a simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread.2 Pull the pendulum to one side, then release.3 Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations in a table.4 Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown in the
table.5 Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length of pendulum for 10 complete
oscillations.
1 A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was prepared.
2 The pendulum was pulled to one side, then it was released.
3 The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was recorded in a table.
4 The experiment was repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown
in the table.
5 A graph showing the time taken for 10 complete oscillations versus the length of
pendulum was drawn.
STEPS
PROCEDURE
APPARATUS
MATERIALS
E1C10
VARIABLE
E1C11
HYPOTHESIS
PROBLEMSTATEMENT
AIM
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Example 2,p. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, p. 8
1.5GUIDED
Experiment PEKADesigning and carrying out an experiment
Inquiry-discovery
5
BA
B1
Anda diberikan bahan dan radas serta maklumat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Andadikehendaki mereka bentuk dan menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji bagaimana panjangsuatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya.
1.5 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatansaintifik
• Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik
Mengkaji bagaimana panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya
Bagaimanakah panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya?
Semakin pendek bandul ringkas, semakin pendek tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas.
(a) yang dimalarkan: Bilangan ayunan
(b) yang dimanipulasikan: Panjang bandul ringkas(c) yang bergerak balas: Tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas/Tempoh ayunan
Bandul, benang
Kaki retort dan pengapit, pembaris meter, jam randik
1 Sediakan satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm.2 Tarik bandul pada suatu kedudukan, kemudian lepaskan.3 Catatkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dalam jadual.4 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-beza
seperti dalam jadual.5 Lukis graf yang menunjukkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan masa pada ruang
yang disediakan.
1 Satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm disediakan.
2 Bandul ditarik pada suatu kedudukan kemudian dilepaskan.
3 Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dicatat dalam jadual.
4 Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-
beza seperti dalam jadual.
5 Graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap lawan panjang bandul dilukis.
CARA KERJA
PROSEDUR
RADAS
BAHAN
E1C10
PEMBOLEHUBAH
E1C11
HIPOTESIS
PERNYATAANMASALAH
TUJUAN
kakiretort
benang
bandul
A B
satu ayunan lengkap(pergerakan dari A ke Bdan kemudian kembalisemula ke A)
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Contoh 2,hlm. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1,hlm. 8
1.5 TERBIMBINGEksperimen PEKA Mereka bentuk dan menjalankan eksperimen
Inkuiri-penemuan
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6
CHAPTER1
RESULTS
1 State the difference in the time taken for a long pendulum and a short pendulum tomake 10 complete oscillations.
A pendulum takes a time tomake 10 complete oscillations.
2 What inference can be made for this experiment?
E1C4
The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.
E2C15E1C8
longer/shorterlonger/shorter
ANALYSIS
E1C6 E2C14E1C3
E1C6 E2C15
E1C
3456781011S
E2C
141516S
(Student’s answers)
5
10
10 20 30 40 50
15
20
Length of the pendulum/cm
Tim
e ta
ken
for
10 c
ompl
ete
osci
llatio
ns/s
3 Based on the results in the table,plot a graph of the time taken tomake 10 complete oscillationsagainst the length of the pendulum.
4 State the relationship between thelength of the pendulum and the timetaken for 10 complete oscillations.
The thelength of the pendulum, the
the timetaken for 10 complete oscillations.
5 Predict the time taken for a 60 cmlong pendulum to make 10 completeoscillations.
E1C5
22 s (more than 20 s)
E1C7
longer/shorter
longer/shorter
1 The hypothesis is .
2 The time taken for the simple pendulum to make one complete oscillation
with the length of the pendulum. E2C16increases
E2C16acceptedCONCLUSION
TSTS• Making inference
SPS• Predicting
Experiment Length of simple pendulum/cm Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s
1 10 8.8
2 20 13.2
3 30 16.5
4 40 18.4
5 50 20.0
6
BA
B1
KEPUTUSANEksperimen Panjang bandul ringkas/cm Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s
1 10 8.8
2 20 13.2
3 30 16.5
4 40 18.4
5 50 20.0
1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa bagi bandul panjang dan bandul pendek untukmelakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.
Bandul yang lebih mengambil masa yang lebih
untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.
2 Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini?Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.
E2C15E1C8panjang/pendek
panjang/pendek
ANALISIS
E1C6 E2C14E1C3
E1C6 E2C15
E1C
3456781011S
E2C
141516S
(Jawapan pelajar)
5
10
10 20 30 40 50
15
20
Panjang bandul/cm
Mas
a ba
gi 1
0 ay
unan
leng
kap/
s
3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalamjadual, plotkan graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan panjangbandul.
4 Nyatakan hubungan antara panjangbandul dengan masa bagi 10 ayunanlengkap.
Semakin
bandul semakin masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.
5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagisatu 60 cm panjang bandul untukmelakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.
E1C5
22 s (lebih daripada 20 s)
E1C7
panjang/pendek
panjang/pendek
1 Hipotesis adalah .
2 Masa yang diambil untuk bandul ringkas membuat satu ayunan lengkapdengan panjang bandul. E2C16
meningkat
E2C16diterimaKESIMPULAN
KBSB• Membuat inferens
KPS• Meramalkan
E1C4
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
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CHAPTER1
1.6 LO • State physical quantities: length, mass, time,temperature and electric current
• State the SI units and the corresponding symbols forthese physical quantities
1.7 LO • State the symbols and values of prefixes for units oflength and mass: milli-, centi-, and kilo-
• Identify and use appropriate prefixes in themeasurement of length and mass
1 Write the prefix value of prefixes in Table (a). Then, change the value of the physical quantity given tothe standard form in Table (b).
1 mm = 1 000 μm1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm1 km = 1 000 m1 Mm = 1 000 000 m1 kg = 1 000 g
2 Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms.
(a) 200 g = kg (d) 0.02 m = cm
(b) 0.005 A = mA (e) 760 m = km
(c) 4 000 000 g = Mg (f) 0.008 m = mm84
0.765
20.2
Value of physical quantity Standard form
6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m
0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m
800 000 m 8 × 105 m
0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m
0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m
Based on the given information, complete the table below with suitable SI units and its symbol.
Table (a) Table (b)
Physical quantity SI unit Symbol
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Ampere A
Time Second s
Second Metre Kilogram Kelvin Ampere
A K m kg s
1.6DISCUSSION
Activity
Learning Objective1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units
Physical quantities and the SI unitsMastery
Prefix Prefix value
mega 1 000 000
kilo 1 000
deci 0.1
centi 0.01
milli 0.001
micro 0.000001
1.7THINKING
ActivityPhysical quantities in the prefix and standard forms
Mastery
7
BA
B1
1.6 HP • Menyatakan kuantiti fizik: panjang, jisim, masa, suhudan arus elektrik
• Menyatakan unit SI dan simbol yang berkaitandengan kuantiti fizik ini
1.7 HP • Menyatakan simbol dan nilai imbuhan bagi unitpanjang dan jisim: mili-, senti-, dan kilo-
• Mengenal pasti dan menggunakan imbuhan yangsesuai dalam pengukuran panjang dan jisim
1 Tulis nilai imbuhan bagi imbuhan dalam Jadual (a). Kemudian, tukar nilai kuantiti fizik yang diberikepada bentuk piawai dalam Jadual (b).
1 mm = 1 000 μm1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm1 km = 1 000 m1 Mm = 1 000 000 m1 kg = 1 000 g
2 Tukar nilai kuantiti fizik di bawah kepada nilai imbuhan.
(a) 200 g = kg (d) 0.02 m = cm
(b) 0.005 A = mA (e) 760 m = km
(c) 4 000 000 g = Mg (f) 0.008 m = mm84
0.765
20.2
Nilai kuantiti fizik Bentuk piawai
6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m
0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m
800 000 m 8 × 105 m
0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m
0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m
Imbuhan Nilai imbuhan
mega 1 000 000
kilo 1 000
desi 0.1
senti 0.01
mili 0.001
mikro 0.000001
Jadual (a) Jadual (b)
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan unit SI dan simbol unit.
Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Simbol unit
Panjang Meter m
Jisim Kilogram kg
Suhu Kelvin K
Arus elektrik Ampere A
Masa Saat s
Saat Meter Kilogram Kelvin Ampere
A K m kg s
Objektif Pembelajaran1.4 Mengetahui kuantiti fizik dan unitnya
1.6 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Kuantiti fizik dan unit SI
Masteri
1.7 BERFIKIRAktiviti Kuantiti fizik dalam bentuk imbuhan dan bentuk piawai
Masteri
3 State the prefi x value of (a) kilo (1 000)(b) mega (1 000 000)(c) deci (0.1)(d) milli (0.001)
4 Give the standard form of 1 000 km (1 x 103 km) 5 Give in the prefi x form of 5 000 g (5 kg)
1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their unitsDISCUSSION
Activity1.6 1 State the SI unit and the symbol of(a) mass (Kilogram, kg) (d) temperature (Kelvin, K)(b) length (Metre, m) (e) electric current (Ampere, A)(c) time (Second, s)
THINKINGActivity1.7 2 Give the symbol of the prefi x of
(a) mega (M)(b) kilo (k)(c) centi (c)
77
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Science
Cha
pter
1In
trod
ucti
on t
o S
cien
ceM
IND
Ro
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s MIN
DR
ob
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8CHAPTER
11.8 LO • Determine the weight of an object
• Explain the concept of weight• Explain the concept of mass• Determine the mass of an object• Explain the difference between mass and weight
To measure the mass and weight of various objects
Wooden block, book, plastic bottle, pencil box, pendulum bob
Lever balance, spring balanceAPPARATUS
MATERIALS
AIM
1 Examine a lever balance and a spring balance as in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b)respectively.
2 Find out the mass of the objects listed in the table using a lever balance. Record themass in the table given.
3 Repeat the process to find out the weight for all the objects using a spring balance.Record the weight in the table given.
4 Compare the values of the mass and weight of the objects you have measured.
RESULTS
PROCEDURE
Diagram (a) Lever balance Diagram (b) Spring balance
Object Mass of object/g Weight of object/N
Wooden block
Book
Plastic bottle
Pencil box
Pendulum bob
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Concept ofmass, p. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept ofmass, p.10
1.8INQUIRY
Experiment
Learning Objective1.5 Understanding the concept of mass
Mass and weightInquiry-discovery
(Student’s answers)
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1.8 INKUIRIEksperimen
Objektif Pembelajaran1.5 Memahami konsep jisim
Jisim dan beratInkuiri-penemuan
1.8 HP • Menentukan berat objek• Menerangkan konsep berat• Menerangkan konsep jisim• Menentukan jisim objek• Menerangkan perbezaan antara jisim dan berat
Menyukat jisim dan berat bagi pelbagai objek
Bongkah kayu, buku, botol plastik, kotak pensel, ladung
Neraca tuas, neraca springRADAS
BAHAN
TUJUAN
1 Periksa sebuah neraca tuas dan neraca spring seperti dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b).2 Tentukan jisim objek yang disenaraikan dalam jadual dengan menggunakan neraca
tuas. Catat jisim tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi.3 Ulangi proses di atas untuk mencari berat setiap objek dengan menggunakan neraca
spring. Catat berat tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi.4 Bandingkan nilai jisim dan berat setiap objek yang anda ukur.
KEPUTUSAN
PROSEDUR
Rajah (a) Neraca tuas Rajah (b) Neraca spring
Objek Jisim objek/g Berat objek/N
Bongkah kayu
Buku
Botol plastik
Kotak pensel
Ladung
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Konsepjisim, hlm. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Conceptof mass, hlm. 10
(Jawapan pelajar)
DISCUSSIONActivity1.9 & 6 Which is affected by the gravitational force, the mass or the weight? (The weight)
DISCUSSIONActivity1.10 7 State the SI unit for weight. (Newton, N)
8 An object has a mass of 5 kg on the Moon. Predict the mass of the object on Jupiter. Give reason for your answer. (5 kg. The mass of the object is not affected by the gravitational force/The mass of the object is constant)
9 Explain why the weight of an object differs from place to place? (The weight of an object depends on the gravitational attraction force at a given place)
1.5 Understanding the concept of massINQUIRY
Experiment1.8 1 State two devices that can be used to measure the mass of an object. (Lever balance and electronic balance/triple beam balance)
2 State two devices that can be used to measure the weight of an object. (Spring balance and compression balance)
3 State a type of balance of mass that gives the most accurate reading. (Electronic balance) 4 What is the measuring unit for mass? (Kilogram) 5 What is the measuring unit for weight? (Newton)
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1 State the meanings, measuring units and symbol for the mass and weight of an object.
2 Which balance measurement is not influenced by the gravitational force?Mass
3 Is the mass of an object remains the same if the object is weighedin places like the Earth’s poles? Explain your answer.
. The mass of an object is .
4 Name two other balances used to weigh the mass of an object in the laboratory.
5 Name a type of balance which gives very accurate reading of themass of an object. Electronic balance
6 Name one other type of balance which can be used to measure weight of objects.
The lever balance measures while the spring balance measures
.weight
massCONCLUSION
Compression balance
Electronic balanceTriple beam balance
constantYes
ANALYSIS
TSTS• Making inferences
TSTS• Generating ideas
Meaning Measuring unit and symbol
(a) Mass of The an object in the object
(b) Weight of The an object that acts on
the object
pull
Newton, Nforce of the gravitational
Kilogram, kgquantity of matter
The Earth attracts allbodies with a force. Thisforce is called the weightof a body.
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1 Nyatakan maksud, unit sukatan dan simbol bagi jisim dan berat suatu objek.
2 Sukatan neraca yang manakah tidak dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti?Jisim
3 Adakah jisim suatu objek tetap sama jika ditimbang di tempat lainseperti di kutub Bumi? Terangkan jawapan anda.
. Jisim objek adalah sentiasa .
4 Namakan dua penimbang lain yang digunakan untuk menimbang jisim objek di makmal.
5 Namakan sejenis neraca yang dapat memberi nilai bacaan jisimobjek dengan sangat tepat.Neraca elektronik
6 Namakan satu penimbang lain yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur berat objek.
Neraca tuas menyukat manakala neraca spring menyukat
.berat
jisimKESIMPULAN
Neraca mampatan
Neraca elektronikNeraca tiga alur
tetapYa
ANALISIS
KBSB• Menjanakan idea
KBSB• Membuat inferens
Bumi menarik semuajasad dengan suatudaya. Daya ini disebutberat jasad.
Maksud Unit sukatan dan simbol
(a) Jisim objek yangterkandung di dalam suatu objek
(b) Berat objek yangbertindak ke atas suatu objek
Newton, NDaya tarikan graviti
Kilogram, kgKuantiti jirim
10 What is the quantity of matter that is present in an object called? (Mass) 11 State the SI unit for mass and its symbol. (Kilogram, kg) 12 What is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on an object, the mass or the weight? (The weight) 13 What is the symbol of newton? (N)
14 What is the use of the spring balance? (To measure the weight of an object) 15 What is the use of the lever balance? (To measure the mass of an object)
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1.9 LO • Explain concept of weight• Explain concept of mass
1.10 LO • Explain the differences between mass and weight
Fill in the blanks with suitable words about mass and weight.
The of an object is the amount of contained in the object.
The SI unit for mass is and the symbol for this unit is . The units of
mass that are smaller are or . The mass of an object is
constant or , regardless where that object is.
The weight of an object is influenced by the , which
according to place. Therefore, the weight of an object may in a different place. The
measuring unit of weight is and its symbol is .Nnewton
change
changesgravitational force
fixed
milligramgram
kgkilogram
mattermass
fixed kg gram milligram
N change kilogram mass
newton gravitational force matter changes
Compare and contrast the concepts of mass and weight in the spaces provided. TSTS• Compare & contrast
WeightCharacteristicsMass
bygravitational force
Not influenced
Constant
kilogram
Lever balance/Beam balance
Influence of gravitational force
Measurement taken indifferent places
Measuring unit
Weighing instruments used inlaboratory
bygravitational force
Influenced
according to place
Changes
newton
Spring balance/Compression
balance
1.9DISCUSSION
ActivityMass and weight of an object
Constructivism
1.10DISCUSSION
ActivityComparison between the concepts of mass and weight
Mastery
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1.9 HP • Menerangkan konsep berat• Menerangkan konsep jisim
1.10 HP • Menerangkan perbezaan di antara jisim dengan berat
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang jisim dan berat objek.
sesuatu objek ialah jumlah yang terkandung di dalam objek
tersebut. Unit SI bagi jisim ialah dan simbol bagi unitnya ialah . Unit
jisim yang lebih kecil ialah atau . Jisim suatu objek adalah malar atau
, walaupun di mana objek itu berada.
Berat suatu objek dipengaruhi oleh , yang
mengikut tempat. Oleh itu, berat objek mungkin di suatu tempat
lain. Unit sukatan bagi berat ialah dengan simbol .Nnewton
berubahberubah-ubah
daya tarikan graviti
tetap
miligramgram
kgkilogram
jirimJisim
tetap kg gram miligram
N berubah kilogram jisim
newton daya tarikan graviti jirim berubah-ubah
Banding dan bezakan konsep jisim dengan berat dalam ruang yang disediakan.
BeratCiri-ciriJisim
oleh daya tarikan graviti
Tidak dipengaruhi
Tetap
kilogram
Neraca tuas/Neraca palang
Pengaruh daya tarikan graviti
Nilai sukatan di tempat-tempat yang berlainan
Unit sukatan
Alat sukatan digunakan di dalam makmal
olehdaya tarikan graviti
Dipengaruhi
mengikut tempat
Berubah-ubah
newton
Neraca spring/Neraca
mampatan
1.9 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Jisim dan berat objek
Konstruktivisme
1.10 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Perbandingan antara konsep jisim dengan berat
Masteri
KBSB• Membandingkan dan
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To measure(a) straight lines using metre rule and measuring tape(b) curved lines using thread and ruler
Thread, pencil, pen, ball
Metre rule, measuring tapeAPPARATUS
MATERIALS
AIM
Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ball
measuringtape
34
2
37 38 38 30
78
9
10
2425
26 27
30
3132
33
1.11 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length
Object
Measurement/cm
1 2 3 Average
Pencil 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4
Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1
Ball 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1
Curved line 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4
1 What is length?
The between two points.
2 Why should the average value of a few readings be required?
To get a result that is more .accurate
distance
ANALYSIS
1 Measure the length of a pencil and a pen as shown in Diagram (a) with the use of ametre rule. Measure each object thrice and determine the average value of the lengthof the object in the table provided.
2 Measure the circumference of a ball as shown in Diagram (b) with a measuring tapethree times.
3 Measure along the curved line in Diagram (c) with the help of a strand of thread and aruler.
4 Repeat the measuring task thrice to determine the average value of its length. Recordthe results in the same table.
RESULTS
PROCEDURE
TSTS• Defining operationally
(Student’s answers)
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement oflength, p. 16; Essential Science PMR, Measurement oflength, p.11
1.11INQUIRY
Experiment
Learning Objective1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools
Length of straight and curved linesInquiry-discovery
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Mengukur panjang(a) garis lurus dengan menggunakan pembaris meter dan pita pengukur(b) garis lengkung dengan menggunakan benang dan pembaris
Benang, pensel, pen, bola
Pembaris meter, pita pengukurRADAS
BAHAN
TUJUAN
Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
bola
pita pengukur
34
2
37 38 38 30
78
9
10
2425
26 27
30
3132
33
Objek
Pengukuran/cm
1 2 3 Purata
Pensel 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4
Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1
Bola 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1
Garis lengkung 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4
1 Apakah itu panjang?
di antara dua titik.
2 Mengapakah nilai purata daripada beberapa bacaan perlu diambil?
Untuk mendapat keputusan yang lebih .jitu
Jarak
ANALISIS
1 Ukur panjang pensel dan pen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) denganpembaris meter. Ukur sebanyak tiga kali dan tentukan nilai purata panjangnya dalamjadual yang disediakan.
2 Ukur panjang ukur lilit sebiji bola seperti pada Rajah (b) dengan menggunakan pitapengukur sebanyak tiga kali.
3 Ukur sepanjang garis lengkung dalam Rajah (c) dengan bantuan seutas benang danpembaris.
4 Ulangi pengukuran sebanyak tiga kali untuk menentukan nilai purata panjangnya.Catatkan keputusan dalam jadual yang sama.
KEPUTUSAN
PROSEDUR
KBSB• Mendefinisi secara
operasi
(Jawapan pelajar)
1.11 INKUIRIEksperimen
Objektif Pembelajaran1.6 Memahami penggunaan alat-alat pengukur
Panjang garis lurus dan garis lengkungInkuiri-penemuan
1.11 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranpanjang, hlm. 16; Essential Science PMR,Measurement of length, hlm. 11
6 Name the devices that can be used to measure the internal diameter of a beaker. (Internal calipers and ruler) 7 Name the devices that can be used to measure the external diameter of a measuring cylinder. (External
calipers and ruler)INQUIRY
Experiment1.13 8 What is the total surface covered by an object? (Area) 9 What can be used to estimate the area of an irregular-shaped object? (Graph paper) 10 What is the estimated area of the leaf on the right?
1 cm
1 cm
(3 cm2)
1.6 Understanding the use of measuring toolsINQUIRY
Experiment1.11 1 What is the distance between two points? (Length) 2 What can be used to measure the width of a book? (Ruler) 3 What can be used to measure the length of a classroom? (Measuring tape) 4 What can be used to measure the length of a curved line? (Thread and ruler)
INQUIRYExperiment1.12 5 Name the device. (a) (Internal calipers) (b) (External calipers)
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11.12 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length
To measure the external and internal diameters of objects using calipers
Internal calipers, external calipers, metre rule, 100 cm3 beaker
1 Measure the external diameter of a 100 cm3 beaker using a pair of external calipersand a metre rule as shown in Diagram (a).
Diagram (a)
2 Repeat the measurements thrice at different parts of the beaker. Record your readingsin a table. Calculate the average.
external calipers
PROCEDURE
APPARATUS
AIM
3 Mark (✓) in the box for the item that is suitable to be measured using a threadand a ruler.
The length of picture The thickness of The length ofthe book river on the map
4 Metre rule is not suitable to measure:
(a) the length of a classroom which is .
(b) the thickness of a strand of hair which is .
5 Suggest how you would measure the length of a river on a map.
By using and .
6 Mark (✓) the correct eye position to take the reading of the length of the chalk in thediagram below. Then, determine the length of the chalk.
Length of chalk = .
1 The length of an object can be measured by using a or
.
2 The length of a curved line can be measured with the use of and
.ruler
thread
measuring tape
metre ruleCONCLUSION
2.5 cm
1cm 0 2 3
✓
rulerthread
less than 1 mm
more than 1 m
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofthe diameter of an object, p. 17; Essential SciencePMR, Measuring the diameter of an object, p.13
Metre rule is not suitableto measure the length ofa classroom which ismore than 1 m and thethickness of a piece ofpaper which is less than1 m.
1.12INQUIRY
ExperimentDiameter of objects
Inquiry-discovery
✓
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1.12 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang
Menyukat diameter luar dan diameter dalam objek menggunakan angkup
Angkup dalam, angkup luar, pembaris meter, bikar 100 cm3
1 Ukur diameter luar sebuah bikar 100 cm3 dengan menggunakan angkup luar danpembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (a).
Rajah (a)
2 Ulangi penyukatan sebanyak tiga kali pada bahagian bikar yang berlainan. Catatkeputusan dalam jadual yang disediakan. Hitung nilai puratanya.
angkup luar
PROSEDUR
RADAS
TUJUAN
3 Tandakan (✓) dalam petak bagi bahan yang sesuai diukur dengan menggunakanbenang dan pembaris.
Panjang gambar Ketebalan buku Panjang sungaidi atas peta
4 Pembaris meter tidak sesuai digunakan untuk mengukur:
(a) panjang bilik darjah yang .
(b) ketebalan rambut yang .
5 Cadangkan bagaimana anda dapat mengukur panjang suatu sungai pada peta.
Dengan menggunakan dan .
6 Tandakan (✓) bagi kedudukan mata yang betul untuk mengambil bacaan panjangkapur dalam rajah di bawah. Kemudian, tentukan panjang kapur.
Panjang kapur = .
1 Panjang objek dapat diukur dengan menggunakan
atau .
2 Panjang garis lengkung dapat diukur dengan menggunakan
dan .pembaris
benang
pita pengukur
pembaris meterKESIMPULAN
2.5 cm
1cm 0 2 3
✓
pembarisbenang
kurang daripada 1 mm
lebih daripada 1 m
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukurandiameter suatu objek, hlm. 17; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the diameter of an object, hlm. 13
1.12 INKUIRIEksperimen Diameter objek
Inkuiri-penemuan
Pembaris meter tidaksesuai digunakan untukmengukur panjang bilikdarjah yang lebihdaripada 1 m dan tebalsehelai kertas yangkurang daripada 1 m.
✓
15 Which is the correct eye level in taking the volume of the following liquids? (a) (b)
PQR
(✓)
X
YZ(✓)
Water Mercury
INQUIRYExperiment1.14 11 What is the total space occupied by an object? (Volume)
12 State three apparatus that can be used to measure volume of liquids. (Measuring cylinder, pipette and burette)
13 State two apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of liquids. (Pipette and burette) 14 State one precautionary step when using measuring cylinder to take the reading of the volume of a liquid.
(Take the reading at eye level)
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1 Why are the three readings for the internal diameter and the external diameter different?
The thickness of the beaker is .
2 Name the type of calipers used and determine the internal diameter and externaldiameter of objects.
(a) (b)
3 State how you would use a pair of external calipers to measure the thickness of asheet of paper.
Measure the thickness of a hundred sheets of the paper with the
and divide the value you obtained by .
The external diameter and the internal diameter of a beaker can be measured by using
and .a rulercalipers
CONCLUSION
100external calipers
not uniform
ANALYSIS
Measurement
Length/cm
1 2 3 Average
External diameter 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0
Internal diameter 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8
RESULTS
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to find the internal diameter of the beaker using a pair ofinternal calipers and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (b).
Diagram (b)
internal calipers
(Student’s answers)
Internal diameter = cm3.0 External diameter = 2.8
0cm
1 2 3 4 0cm
1 2 3 4
Internal
calipers
External
calipers
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1 Mengapakah ketiga-tiga bacaan bagi diameter dalam dan diameter luar adalah tidaksama?
Ketebalan dinding bikar adalah .
2 Namakan jenis angkup yang digunakan dan tentukan diameter dalam dan diameterluar bagi suatu objek.
(a) (b)
3 Nyatakan bagaimana anda dapat menggunakan angkup luar untuk mengukur ketebalansehelai kertas.
Ukur ketebalan seratus helai kertas dengan dan bahagikan
nilai yang diperoleh dengan nilai .
Diameter luar dan diameter dalam bikar dapat diukur dengan menggunakan
dan .pembarisangkup
KESIMPULAN
100
angkup luar
tidak sekata
ANALISIS
Ukuran
Panjang/cm
1 2 3 Purata
Diameter luar 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0
Diameter dalam 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8
KEPUTUSAN
3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 untuk mendapatkan diameter dalam bikar menggunakanangkup dalam dan pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (b).
Rajah (b)
angkupdalam
(Jawapan pelajar)
Diameter dalam = cm3.0 Diameter luar = cm2.8
0cm
1 2 3 4 0cm
1 2 3 4
Angkup
dalam
Angkup
luar
INQUIRYExperiment1.15 &
16 What method can be used to measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids? (Water displacement method)DISCUSSION
Activity1.16 17 Determine the volume of the solids.
cork
65 cm3
stone
60 cm3
water
measuringcylinder
thread
40 cm3
Volume of stone = 60 – 40 = 20 cm3
Volume of cork = 65 – 60 = 5 cm3
DISCUSSIONActivity1.17 18 Suggest two devices that can be used to measure the length of a river on the map. (A thread and a ruler)
19 What is the volume of the water? (23 ml) 20 What is the volume of the mercury? (25 ml)
20 ml
20 ml
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1 What is meant by area?
The covered by an object.
2 State the measuring unit for area estimated in this activity.
3 Is the area of the object determined in this activity accurate?
The area of an object that is regular and irregular can be estimated by using a
.graph paper
CONCLUSION
No
Square centimetre/cm2
total surface
ANALYSIS
1 Area of pencil eraser
= cm2
2 Area of leaf
= cm2
3 Area of triangle-shaped object
= cm24
23
81 cm
1 cm
1 3
2
To find the area of a regular and irregular-shaped objects
Pencil eraser, leaf, triangle-shaped object, graph paper
Metre rule
1 Determine the number of squares covered by the outline of the pencil eraser. Countall squares and all squares that are more than as full squares. Mark (✓) for every
square counted. (Each square counted = 1 cm2) 2 Repeat step 1 using a leaf and a triangle-shaped object.
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PROCEDURE
APPARATUS
MATERIALS
AIM
1.13 LO • Estimate area of regular and irregular shapes usinggraph paper
RESULTS
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofarea, p. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement ofarea, p.14
1.13INQUIRY
ExperimentArea of regular and irregular shapes
Inquiry-discovery
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1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan luas?
yang diliputi oleh suatu objek.
2 Nyatakan unit sukatan bagi luas yang dianggarkan dalam aktiviti ini.
3 Adakah luas objek yang ditentukan dalam aktiviti ini jitu?
Luas objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat dianggarkan dengan menggunakan
. kertas graf
KESIMPULAN
Tidak
Sentimeter persegi/cm2
Jumlah permukaan
ANALISIS
1 Luas pemadam
= cm2
2 Luas daun
= cm2
3 Luas objekberbentuk segi tiga
= cm24
23
81 cm
1 cm
1 3
2
Menganggarkan luas objek berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata
Pemadam pensel, daun, objek berbentuk segi tiga, kertas graf
Pembaris meter
1 Tentukan bilangan petak segi empat sama yang diliputi oleh pemadam pensel.Bilangan segi empat sama yang separuh atau lebih daripada separuh dihitung sebagaisatu segi empat sama. Tandakan (✓) pada setiap segi empat sama yang dikira. (Setiapsegi empat sama berukuran 1 cm2)
2 Ulangi langkah 1 dengan menggunakan sehelai daun dan objek berbentuk segi tiga.
PROSEDUR
RADAS
BAHAN
TUJUAN
1.13 HP • Menganggarkan luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekatadengan menggunakan kertas graf
KEPUTUSAN
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranluas, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurementof area, hlm. 14
1.13 INKUIRIEksperimen Luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata
Inkuiri-penemuan
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1.14 LO • Choose the right tool and measure the volume of a liquid
To measure the volume of liquids using a measuring cylinder
Water, white piece of paper
100 cm3 measuring cylinder, boiling tube, test tube, 25 ml pipette, suction pump, burette,retort stand and clamp
1 Fill a boiling tube completely with water.2 Pour the water into a measuring cylinder and record the volume of water.3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a test tube.4 Fill a beaker with water.5 With the help of a suction pump, use a pipette to draw up the water until it reaches
the 25 ml graduated mark.6 Release the water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of water in it.7 Fill a burette with water.8 Release 25 ml of water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of
water in it.
Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)
1 What is volume?
The occupied by an object.
2 What is the measuring unit for a measuring cylinder, a pipette and a burette?
3 State two precautionary steps taken when using a measuring cylinder.
(a) Place the measuring cylinder on a .
(b) The eye must be on the as the meniscus of the liquid.same level
flat surface
ml/cm3
total space
ANALYSIS
RESULTS
retort stand
retort clamp
burette
suctionpump
pipette
25 ml
ml100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
PROCEDURE
APPARATUS
MATERIALS
AIM
Type of container Volume of water/ml (cm3)
Boiling tube 57
Test tube 18
Pipette 25
Burette 25
TSTS• Using scientific
apparatus correctly
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofvolume of liquids, p. 20; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of liquids, p. 15
1.14INQUIRY
ExperimentVolume of liquids
Inquiry-discovery
15
BA
B1
1.14 HP • Memilih pengukur yang betul dan ukur isi padu cecair dalam konteks eksperimen
Mengukur isi padu cecair dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat
Air, kertas putih
Silinder penyukat 100 cm3, tabung didih, tabung uji, 25 ml pipet, pam sedutan, buret, kakiretort dan pengapit
1 Isi satu tabung didih penuh dengan air.2 Tuangkan air ke dalam silinder penyukat dan rekodkan isi padu air.3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan satu tabung uji.4 Isi sebuah bikar dengan air.5 Dengan bantuan satu pam sedutan, guna satu pipet untuk menyedut air sehingga ke
tanda senggatan 25 ml.6 Lepaskan air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu air.7 Isi sebuah buret dengan air.8 Lepaskan 25 ml air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu
air.
Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)
1 Apakah itu isi padu?
yang diisi oleh suatu objek.
2 Apakah unit sukatan bagi silinder penyukat, pipet, dan buret?
3 Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga semasa menggunakan silinder penyukat.
(a) Letakkan silinder penyukat di atas .
(b) Mata mesti berada pada dengan meniskus cecair.paras yang sama
permukaan rata
ml/cm3
Jumlah ruang
ANALISIS
KEPUTUSAN
kaki retort
penyepit retort
buret
pam penyedut
pipet
25 ml
ml100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
PROSEDUR
RADAS
BAHAN
TUJUAN
KBSB• Menggunakan peralatan
sains dengan betul
Jenis bekas Isi padu air/ml (cm3)
Tabung didih 57
Tabung uji 18
Pipet 25
Buret 25
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranisi padu cecair, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of liquids, hlm. 15
1.14 INKUIRIEksperimen Isi padu cecair
Inkuiri-penemuan
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16
CHAPTER1
1.15 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the waterdisplacement method
To measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids
Marbles, stone, water, thread
100 ml measuring cylinder
1 Half fill a measuring cylinder with water.2 Record the initial reading of the water level.3 Slowly drop five marbles of equal size (regular
object) into the measuring cylinder as shown inDiagram (a).
4 Record the final reading (volume) of the waterlevel in the measuring cylinder.
5 Repeat the above steps using a stone (irregularobject) as in Diagram (b). Tie the stone with astring and slowly let it down into the water.
1 What method is used in this activity?Water displacement method
2 Calculate the volume of one marble.15
5 = 3 cm3
ANALYSIS
RESULTS
PROCEDURE
APPARATUS
MATERIALS
AIM
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
water
marble
water
stone
thread
Solid Initial reading/ml Final reading/ml Volume of solid/ml
Five marbles 50 65 15
Stone 50 63 13
4 Mark (✓) the correct eye level in the diagrams below to show the correct way to takethe volume readings of a sugar solution and mercury.
5 Circle the measuring instruments for liquid below which are more accurate.
The volume of liquids can be measured by using ,
and .burettepipette
measuring cylinderCONCLUSION
mercury
✓
sugarsolution
✓
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofthe volume of solids, p. 23; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of solids, p. 17
(Student’s answers)
Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette
1.15INQUIRY
ExperimentVolume of regular and irregular-shaped solids
Inquiry-discovery
16
BA
B1
1.15 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air
Mengukur isi padu pepejal sekata dan tidak sekata
Guli, batu, air, benang
Silinder penyukat 100 ml
1 Isikan air sehingga separuh penuh dalam sebuahsilinder penyukat.
2 Catat bacaan awal paras air.3 Masukkan lima biji guli yang sama saiz (objek
sekata) perlahan-lahan ke dalam silinder penyukatitu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a).
4 Catat bacaan akhir (isi padu) paras air padasilinder penyukat.
5 Ulangi aktiviti di atas dengan menggunakansebiji batu (objek tidak sekata) seperti dalamRajah (b). Ikat batu dengan benang danmasukkan batu ke dalam silinder penyukatdengan perlahan-lahan.
1 Apakah kaedah yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?Kaedah sesaran air
2 Hitung isi padu bagi satu biji guli.15
5 = 3 cm3
ANALISIS
KEPUTUSAN
PROSEDUR
RADAS
BAHAN
TUJUAN
Rajah (a)
Rajah (b)
air
guli
air
batu
benang
Pepejal Bacaan awal/ml Bacaan akhir/ml Isi padu pepejal/ml
Lima biji guli 50 65 15
Batu 50 63 13
4 Tandakan (✓) pada aras mata yang betul pada rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkancara pengambilan bacaan isi padu yang betul bagi larutan gula dan merkuri.
5 Bulatkan alat penyukatan cecair di bawah yang lebih tepat.
Isi padu cecair boleh disukat dengan menggunakan ,
dan .buretpipet
silinder penyukatKESIMPULAN
merkuri
✓
larutan gula
✓
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranisi padu pepejal, hlm. 23; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of solids, hlm. 17
(Jawapan pelajar)
1.15 INKUIRIEksperimen Isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata
Inkuiri-penemuan
Silinder penyukat Buret Pipet
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17
CHAPTER1
3 Can this method be used to measure the volume of a lump of sugar crystal? Give areason for your answer.
, the sugar crystal will in water.
4 The diagram below shows another method that can be used to dertermine the volumeof a regular or an irregular-shaped solid. Label the apparatus and give the volume ofthe stone.
The volume of a regular or irregular-shaped object can be determined by using the
.water displacement method
CONCLUSION
dissolveNo
20 ml
10 ml
Volume of stone = 13.0 ml
Measuring
cylinder
Eureka can/
Displacement can
1.16 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the waterdisplacement method
An experiment is carried out to measure the volume of a lead block as shown in the diagram above.
(a) Name apparatus X.
(b) What is the method used to measure the volume of the lead block?Water displacement method
(c) What are the initial and final readings of the volume of water in apparatus X?
(i) Initial reading: (ii) Final reading:
(d) Calculate the volume of the lead block. 56 – 49 = 7 cm3
(e) State two precautionary steps need to be taken in this experiment.
(i) The lead block should be into the water.
(ii) The reading has to be taken at .eye level
dropped slowly
56 cm3/ml49 cm3/ml
Measuring cylinder
1 Answer the following questions based on the diagram given.
X
lead block
water50 ml
60 ml 60 ml
50 ml
Final readingInitial reading
1.16DISCUSSION
ActivityMeasurement of volume
Mastery
17
BA
B1
3 Bolehkah kaedah ini digunakan untuk mengukur isi padu seketul hablur gula?Berikan alasan kepada jawapan anda.
, hablur gula akan dalam air.
4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukanisi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata. Labelkan radas dan nyatakan isipadu batu dalam rajah tersebut.
Isi padu objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan
.kaedah sesaran air
KESIMPULAN
larutTidak
1.16 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air
Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengukur isi padu satu blok plumbum seperti yang ditunjukkandalam rajah di atas.
(a) Namakan radas X.
(b) Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu blok plumbum?Kaedah sesaran air
(c) Apakah bacaan awal dan bacaan akhir bagi air dalam radas X?
(i) Bacaan awal: (ii) Bacaan akhir:
(d) Hitungkan isi padu blok plumbum. 56 – 49 = 7 cm3
(e) Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil dalam eksperimen ini.
(i) Blok plumbum harus ke dalam air.
(ii) Bacaan perlu diambil pada .aras mata
dijatuhkan perlahan-lahan
56 cm3/ml49 cm3/ml
Silinder penyukat
1 Jawab soalan yang berikut berdasarkan rajah yang diberi.
X
blok plumbum
air50 ml
60 ml 60 ml
50 ml
Bacaan akhirBacaan awal
Isi padu batu = 13.0 ml
Silinder
penyukat
Tin eureka
ur
20 ml
10 ml
1.16 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Pengukuran isi padu
Masteri
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18
CHAPTER1
2 Determine the volume of the solid object shown below. Then, answer the questions.
(a) (i) Volume of copper lump = cm3
(ii) Volume of cork = cm3
(b) Why is the cork made to sink with the help of solids that can sink?Cork does not sink in water/Cork is less dense than water.
56 – 50 = 6
50 – 45 = 5
cork
56 cm3
copper lump
50 cm3
water
measuringcylinder
thread
45 cm3
Choose the measuring instrument given and fill in the blanks which relate to their measurement.
External calipers Thread Internal calipers Measuring tapeRuler Lever balance Spring balance
1.17 LO • Choose the right tool to measure length, mass, andweight
Measurement
Length of acurved
line
and
ruler
Thread
Thread
and
ruler
calipers
Internal
and
ruler
calipers
External
or
ruler
tape
Measuring
balance
Lever
balance
Spring
Internaldiameter of aboiling tube
Externaldiameter of
a beaker
Length of astraight line Mass Weight
1.17DISCUSSION
ActivityMeasuring instruments
Mastery
18
BA
B1
1.17 HP • Memilih alat yang betul untuk mengukur panjang,jisim dan berat
Pilih alat pengukur yang diberi dan isi ruang kosong yang bersesuaian dengan pengukurannya.
Angkup luar Benang Angkup dalam Pita pengukurPembaris Neraca tuas Neraca spring
Pengukuran
Panjang garis lengkung
Diameter dalamtabung didih
Diameter luarbikar
Panjang garislurus
Jisim Berat
2 Tentukan isi padu objek pepejal yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberi.
(a) (i) Isi padu ketulan kuprum = cm3
(ii) Isi padu gabus = cm3
(b) Mengapakah gabus ditenggelamkan dengan bantuan pepejal yang boleh tenggelam?Gabus tidak tenggelam dalam air/Gabus kurang tumpat daripada air.
56 – 50 = 6
50 – 45 = 5
gabus
56 cm3
ketulan kuprum
50 cm3
air
silinder penyukat
benang
45 cm3
dan
pembaris
B
Benang
dan
pembaris
dalam
Angkup
dan
pembaris
luar
Angkup
atau
pembaris
pengukur
Pita
tuas
Neraca
spring
Neraca
1.17 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Alat pengukuran
Masteri
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19
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that
are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can
answer all the questions correctly.PMR Key To SuccessTo
1 Name the balances. Then, state whether it is used to measure the ‘mass’ or ‘weight’ of an object.(a) (b) (c)
• • •
• • •
2 Fill in the blanks.
(a) is the distance between two points. (b) is the total surface covered by an object.
(c) is the total space occupied by an object.
3 Mark (✓) at the correct eye positions.(a) (b) (c)
4 State the apparatus or material that can be used to measure the following length.
(a) Straight line – (c) Internal diameter of a beaker –
(b) Curved line – (d) External diameter of a boiling tube –
5 Estimate the area of the leaf.
Estimated area of the leaf = cm2
6 Name the apparatus below. Tick (✓) in the boxes the apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of a liquid.
(a) (b) (c)
7 Calculate the volume of objects by using water displacement method.(a) (b)
BurettePipetteMeasuring cylinder
8
External calipers and rulerThread and ruler
Internal calipers and rulerMetre rule
mercury
✓
water✓
✓
Volume
Area Length
WeightMassWeight
Compression balanceLever balanceSpring balance
10
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10gm
2
4
6
8
10
1 cm
1 cm
graph paper✓
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
✓✓✓
water40 cm3
marble
48 cm3
water
30 cm3
stone
40 cm3
stone
cork
45 cm3Volume of stone
= cm3
Volume of cork
= cm345 – 40 = 5
40 – 30 = 10
Volume of a marble = = cm3248 – 40
4
✓ ✓
19
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang
kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda
boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.PMR Kunci Kejayaan
1 Namakan neraca. Kemudian, nyatakan sama ada ia digunakan untuk menyukat ‘jisim’ atau ‘berat’ objek.(a) (b) (c)
• • •
• • •
2 Isi tempat kosong.
(a) ialah jarak antara dua titik.
(b) ialah jumlah kawasan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek.
(c) ialah jumlah ruang yang diisi oleh suatu objek.
3 Tandakan (✓) pada kedudukan mata yang betul.(a) (b) (c)
4 Namakan alat atau bahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur panjang yang berikut.
(a) Garis lurus – (c) Diameter dalam bikar –
(b) Garis lengkung – (d) Diameter luar tabung didih –
5 Anggarkan luas daun.
Anggaran luas daun = cm2
6 Namakan radas-radas di bawah. Tandakan (✓) dalam kotak bagi radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukatdengan tepat isi padu suatu cecair.(a) (b) (c)
7 Hitung isi padu objek dengan menggunakan kaedah sesaran air.(a) (b)
BuretPipetSilinder penyukat
8
Angkup luar dan pembarisBenang dan pembaris
Angkup dalam dan pembarisPembaris meter
merkuri
✓
air✓
✓
Isi padu
Luas
Panjang
BeratJisimBerat
Neraca mampatanNeraca tuasNeraca spring
10
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10gm
2
4
6
8
10
1 cm
1 cm
kertas graf✓
✓ ✓
✓ ✓
✓✓✓
air40 cm3
guli
48 cm3
air
30 cm3
batu
40 cm3
batu
gabus
45 cm3
Isi padu batu
= cm3
Isi padu gabus
= cm345 – 40 = 5
40 – 30 = 10
Isi padu satu guli = = cm3248 – 40
4
✓ ✓
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20
1 Which of the following is a naturalphenomenon?A ForestryB Flowers blossomingC Invention of space shuttleD Production of table salt from
sea water
2 Which of the following is the prefixvalue of centi?A 0.001B 0.01C 0.1D 10
3 Which of the following is correct?
Quantity SI unit Instrument
A Mass of kg Lever table salt balance
B Temperature A Thermo-of water meter
C Length of m Internalpaper calipers
D Time taken K Measuringfor water cylinderto boil
4 Diagram 1 shows a measuringcylinder containing a liquid.
Diagram 1
What is the volume of water inDiagram 1?A 24.0 mlB 24.5 mlC 25.0 mlD 25.5 ml
5 A student wants to measure accu-rately 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxidesolution. What instruments can beused for this purpose?
I PipetteII Burette
III Test tubeA I and II onlyB I and III onlyC II and III onlyD I, II and III
6 Table 1 shows the volumes ofdifferent quantities of marbles, deter-mined by using the water displace-ment method.
Table 1
Predict the volume of 8 marbles.A 14 cm3
B 15 cm3
C 16 cm3
D 18 cm3
7 Diagram 2 shows a pendulum whichswings from P to R and then backto P.
Diagram 2
The period for a pendulum swing isaffected byA the mass of the pendulumB the number of swingsC the condition of the
surrounding airD the length of the thread
8 Diagram 3 shows a leaf.
Diagram 3
Estimate the area of this leaf.A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2
B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2
9 Diagram 4 shows four eye positionslabelled A, B, C and D.
Diagram 4
Which position is correct whentaking a reading of the mercury inthe measuring cylinder?
10 Diagram 5 shows several steps tomeasure the volume of a cork.
Diagram 5
The correct sequence to measurethe volume of the cork isA K, L, MB K, M, LC M, K, LD M, L, K
C
waterwater
cork
measuring cylinder
K L M
D
B
A
C
D
mercury
measuring cylinder
B
1 cm
1 cm
D
P RQ
thread
C
A
B
30
20
water
measuringcylinder
A
B
B
CLONE2001
CLONE2004
CLONE2009
CLONE2002
CLONE2007
CLONE2006
Quantity ofVolume/cm3
marbles
3 66 12
CLONE2007
CLONE2003
CLONE2008
PMR Enhancement Corner
Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
PAPER 1
1
20
PMR Sudut Pengukuhan
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
KERTAS 1
1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahfenomena semula jadi?A PerhutananB Bunga berkembangC Penciptaan kapal angkasa D Penghasilan garam biasa
daripada air laut
2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahnilai imbuhan bagi senti?A 0.001B 0.01C 0.1D 10
3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahbetul?
Kuantiti Unit SI Alat
A Jisim garam kg Neraca biasa tuas
B Suhu air A Termo-meter
C Panjang m Angkupkertas dalam
D Masa untuk K Silinderair mendidih penyukat
4 Rajah 1 menunjukkan silinderpenyukat yang mengandungi suatucecair.
Rajah 1
Apakah isi padu air dalam Rajah 1?A 24.0 mlB 24.5 mlC 25.0 mlD 25.5 ml
5 Seorang pelajar ingin mengukurdengan tepat 25 cm3 larutan natriumhidroksida. Apakah alat yang bolehdigunakan untuk tujuan ini?
I PipetII Buret
III Tabung ujiA I dan II sahajaB I dan III sahajaC II dan III sahajaD I, II dan III
6 Jadual 1 menunjukkan isi padu bagiguli yang bilangannya berbeza, yangditentukan dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air.
Jadual 1
Ramalkan isi padu bagi 8 biji guli.A 14 cm3
B 15 cm3
C 16 cm3
D 18 cm3
7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuahbandul berayun dari kedudukan P
ke R dan balik semula ke P.
Rajah 2
Tempoh ayunan bandul dipengaruhiolehA jisim bandulB bilangan ayunanC keadaan udara sekelilingD panjang benang
8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sehelai daun.
Rajah 3
Anggarkan luas daun ini.A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2
B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2
9 Rajah 4 menunjukkan 4 kedudukanmata berlabel A, B, C dan D.
Rajah 4
Kedudukan yang manakah betulsemasa mengambil bacaan merkuridalam silinder penyukat?
10 Rajah 5 menunjukkan beberapalangkah menyukat isi padu gabus.
Rajah 5
Susunan langkah yang betul bagimenyukat isi padu gabus ialahA K, L, MB K, M, LC M, K, LD M, L, K C
airair
gabus
silinder penyukat
K L M
D
B
A
C
D
merkuri
silinder penyukat
B
1 cm
1 cm
D
P RQ
benang
C
A
B
30
20
air
silinderpenyukat
A
B
B
KLON2003
KLON2001
KLON2007
KLON2004
KLON2009
KLON2002
KLON2006
KLON2007
Bilangan guli Isi padu/cm3
3 66 12
1
KLON2008
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21
1 Diagram 1 shows measuring instruments K, L and M.
Diagram 1
(a) Label the measuring instruments P, Q and R in Diagram 1 using the following words:
(b) Draw lines to show the correct match betwen the measuring instruments and their functions.
(c) Circle the measuring instruments below which can be used to measure the mass of objects.
10
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
To measure the weight of objectsM
To measure the mass of objectsL
To measure the volume of liquidsK
Measuring cylinder Lever balance Spring balance
M: Measuring cylinderL: Spring balanceK: Lever balance
ml100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Section AAnswer all the questions.
PAPER 2
21
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat pengukuran K, L, dan M.
Rajah 1
(a) Label alat pengukuran P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah 1 menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut:
(b) Lukiskan garisan untuk menunjukkan padanan yang betul antara alat pengukuran dan fungsinya.
(c) Bulatkan alat pengukuran di bawah yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur jisim objek.
10
2
3
45
6
7
8
9
10
Untuk mengukur berat objekM
Untuk mengukur jisim objekL
Untuk menyukat isi padu cecairK
Silinder penyukat Neraca tuas Neraca spring
M: Silinder penyukatL: Neraca springK: Neraca tuas
ml100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
KERTAS 2
Bahagian AJawab semua soalan.
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22
Section BAnswer the below question.
2 Diagram 2 shows four types of measuring instruments which are used in the laboratory.
J K
L M
Diagram 2
(a) Observe the measuring instruments in Diagram 2. Based on your observations, state one usage of each instrument.
J: Use to measure the volume of liquid
K: Use to measure the length of object
L: Use to measure the volume of liquid
M: Use to measure the volume of liquid
(b) Classify instruments J, K, L and M into two groups based on their usage. Write the letters of the instruments belongingto each group.
KJ, L, MLetters of theinstruments
Group 2
To measure the length
of object
Group 1
To measure the volume
of liquid
Usage
J, K, L, M
CLONE2006 Sec. B, Q7
22
Bahagian BJawab soalan di bawah.
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis alat pengukuran yang digunakan di dalam makmal.
J K
L M
Rajah 2
(a) Perhatikan alat pengukuran dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu kegunaan bagisetiap alat.
J: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
K: Digunakan untuk mengukur panjang objek
L: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
M: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair
(b) Kelaskan alat J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan kegunaannya. Tulis huruf-huruf yangmewakili alat itu bagi setiap kumpulan.
KJ, L, MHuruf alat
Kumpulan 2
Digunakan untuk
menyukat panjang objek
Kumpulan 1
Digunakan untuk
menyukat isi padu cecair
Kegunaan
J, K, L, M
Bhg. B, S7KLON2006
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