Changes in Foreign Policies Of Great Powers From Point Of US

Perspectives Of The Evoluation a Multipolar World Order

PREPARED BY: BEDRETTİN GÜRCAN

Meaning Of Great Power and Who Are They?

We need to understand why states become great power

International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into Power capabilities, Spatial aspects, Status dimensions

We can say that five permanent countries of UN Security Council are great powers. (US, Russia, United Kingdom, France and China)

Ever since 1815, British Empire(United Kingdom) and France have great power and can be defined most continuous great power.

Another continuous great power is Russia which was great power in 1815 between 1915 but after revolution, for 9 years Russia lost its great power till 1924 when rised of Stalin after Lenin death.

  ‘’United States is probably the most secure great power in

history because of the interlocking effects of geography, nuclear weapons, and capabilities which, although diminished relatively, are still formidable in absolute term’’1

1 The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise Author(s): Christopher Layne

Foreign policy analysts suggest that the six emerging big powers share common concerns:

1- Free trade,2- Economic growth, 3- Prevention of terrorism,4- Efforts to stymie nuclear proliferation. 

• Short Review Of USA Foreign Policy1776–1789

From the establishment of the United States after the American Revolution until the Spanish–American War, U.S. foreign policy reflected a regional, not global, focus, but with the long-term ideal of creating an "Empire of Liberty.

1893–1914In the late 19th century, the U.S. began investment in new naval technology including steam-powered battleships with powerful armaments and steel decking. After Spanish-Usa War, U.S. took control of Spain's worldwide empire, especially Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philipinnes and Guam. It marked America's TRANSITION FROM A REGIONAL TO A GLOBAL POWER.

World War I (1914–1919) American foreign policy was largely determined by

President Woodrow Wilsonn. With the outbreak of war in 1914, the United States declared

NEUTRALITY and worked to broker a peace. Following the sinking of American merchant ships By Germany ,

Wilson declarated war in April 1917. USA contribution became significant in mid-1918. After war, Wilson's idealism and call for Self-determination of all

nations had an effect on nationalism across the globe, while at home his idealistic vision, called "Wilsonianism" of spreading democracy and peace under American auspices had a profound influence on much of American foreign policy ever since.

World War II (1941–1945) In comparison with The First World War, USA substantially aided to Britain

and its allies (Especially war materials) The United States officially entered World War II against Germany, Japan

and Italy in December 1941, following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

In the aftermath of the European campaign, the United States enacted the Marshall Plan, which supplied its European allies with $13 billion USD in reconstruction aid.

After war, for rebalanced of great powers, UN established with major force of US.

5 Great Powers became permanent member of Security Council; US, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China with veto power.

World Bigger Than Five, Should Be

Cold War (1947–1991)

From the late 1940s until 1991, world affairs were dominated by the Cold War, in which the U.S. and its allies faced the Soviet Union and its allies. 

Main determinant of this process was catastrophic nuclear weapons. After 1960 the Soviets broke with China as the Communist movement

worldwide became divided. Some countries such as India and Yugoslavia, tried to be neutral. In 1949, NATO was established. In the 1980s, after US extensive military spending and diplomatic

overtures, Soviet Union accepted integration. By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the U.S. had

military and economic interests in every region of the globe.

«

1953

Post-Cold War (1992–present)

A concept that defined the world power after the Cold-War was known as the new world order.

After collapse of Soviet Union and following re-emergence of the nation of Russia, and the big changes during these years was a transition from a bipolar world to a multipolar world.

While the United States remains a strong power economically and militarily, rising nations such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia as well as a united Europe have challenged its dominance.

AFTER COLD WAR, THESE INSTITUONS HELP TO MAINTAIN WORLD STABILITY

After attacks of September 11, forced Americans to see clearly that foreign policy still matters, and that our oceans and our ICBMs alone do not make us safe. They brought home the stark reality that if we do not engage with the world, the world will engage with us, and in ways we may not like.1

After collapse of first the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe and then the Soviet Union itself, the reunification of Germany, the end of apartheid in South Africa, pro-democracy demonstrations in China’s Tiananmen Square, the international coalition formed to combat Iraq’s Saddam Hussein in the Middle East stretched the ability of the U.S. foreign policy and determined.

Foreign Policy Association The 2002 Arthur Ross Lecture April 22, 2002 New York, NY

After September 11 USABush Doctrine

Unilaterally withdrawing from the ABM Treaty and rejecting the Kyoto Protocol. United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give

aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan (longest war in United States history) and then I raq (with coaliton powers)

Bush increased unilateralism in foreign policy, specifically regarding the his decision to withdraw from the ABM treaty

United States had the right to act unilaterally in its own security interests, without the approval of international bodies such as the United Nations.

This represented a departure from the Cold War policies of deterrence and containment under the TRUMAN DOCTRINE and post–Cold War philosophies such as the POWELL DOCTRINE and the CLINTON DOCTRINE. US foreign policy polarized with Bush like a Richard Nixon (During Vietnam War)

"The Roots of the Bush Doctrine:1- Power, 2-Nationalism, and 3-Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy 1 In 2002- President Bush identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as an "axis of evil."1) Princeton University research fellow Dr. Jonathan Monten, in his 2005 International Security journal article

Bush’s Policies Are a Radical Departure from Clinton’s

At the End Obama’s Administration

Cooperation with allies Multilateralism, Ending of the Iraq War, Continuation of the process of ending U.S. combat operations in

Afghanistan, Destroying Al-Qaeda's core leadership (Osame bin Laden etc.) Promoting Paris Agreement about global climate change Brokoring Nuclear Deal with Iran Normalizing U.S. relations with Cuba

US retreat from the world scene and to an abandon of U.S. allies, or not? OBAMA’S FOREIGN POLICY FIVE KEY POINTS;

‘’bringing a responsible end to this war in Iraq and refocusing on the critical challenges in the broader region,"

"by building the first truly 21st century military and showing wisdom in how we deploy it,"

"by marshalling a global effort to meet a threat that rises above all others in urgency – securing, destroying, and stopping the spread of weapons of mass destruction,"

"rebuild and construct the alliances and partnerships necessary to meet common challenges and confront common threats", and

"while America can help others build more secure societies, we must never forget that only the citizens of these nations can sustain them."

So What is The Next?

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