Upload
ellane-barcelon
View
867
Download
6
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
(c) Ms. Melanie Medecilo
Citation preview
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Commelinid Monocots
Michael G. Simpson
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Commelinid Monocots
Michael G. Simpson
Commelinid MonocotsCommelinid Monocots
Apomorphy: UV-fluorescent organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls.
Apomorphy: UV-fluorescent organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls.
ARECALESArecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family
(from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species.
ARECALESArecaceae (Palmae) - Palm family
(from areca, Portuguese for the betel palm). ca. 190 genera / ca. 2,000 species.
The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family.
P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior.
The Arecaceae are distinctive in having a rhizomatous, lianous, or usually arborescent stem, with large, sheathing, plicate leaves, a fleshy, usually drupaceous fruit, and seeds lacking starch. The plicate leaves is an apomorphy for the family.
P 3+3 [0,2+2,∞] A 3+3 or (3+3) [3,∞; 0 in female fls.] G 3 or (3) [1,2,4-10; 0 in male fls.], superior.
reduplicate vs. induplicatereduplicate vs. induplicate
Fruit a drupeFruit a drupe
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana King PalmArchontophoenix cunninghamiana King Palm
Syagrus romanzoffiana Queen PalmSyagrus romanzoffiana Queen Palm
Calamus Rattan PalmCalamus Rattan Palm
Chamaerops humilis Mediterranean PalmChamaerops humilis Mediterranean Palm
Jubea chilensisJubea chilensis
Licuala peltataLicuala peltata
Nypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palmNypa fruticans - a rhizomatous palm
Phoenix canariensisCanary I. Palm
Phoenix canariensisCanary I. Palm
Phoenix dactyliferaDate Palm
Phoenix dactyliferaDate Palm
Rhopalostylis sapidaRhopalostylis sapida
Sabal urseanaSabal urseana
Washingtonia filifera Desert
Fan Palm
Washingtonia filifera Desert
Fan Palm
Washingtonia filifera Desert Fan PalmWashingtonia filifera Desert Fan Palm
Washingtonia robustaWashingtonia robusta Zombia antillarum
ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group
ZINGIBERALES - Ginger Group
Apomorphies:
Penni-parallel venation
Supervolute leaf “ptyxis”
(1/2 of leaf rolled within the other)
Diaphraghmed air chambers
Silica cells
Inferior ovary
Apomorphies:
Penni-parallel venation
Supervolute leaf “ptyxis”
(1/2 of leaf rolled within the other)
Diaphraghmed air chambers
Silica cells
Inferior ovary
Musaceae - Banana family (after Antonia Musa, physician to Emporer Augustus 63-14
BC). 3 genera (Ensete, Musa, and Musella) / ca. 40 species.
Musaceae - Banana family (after Antonia Musa, physician to Emporer Augustus 63-14
BC). 3 genera (Ensete, Musa, and Musella) / ca. 40 species.
The Musaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having a spiral leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex.
P (3+3) A 5-6 G (3), inferior.
Economic importance includes use of fruits of Musa spp. as a food source (esp. Musa acuminata and the triploid hybrid of Musa x paradisiaca); Musa textilis (Manila-hemp, abacá) and Musa basjoo are used as a fiber source for twine, textiles, and building materials.
The Musaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having a spiral leaf arrangement and monoecious plant sex.
P (3+3) A 5-6 G (3), inferior.
Economic importance includes use of fruits of Musa spp. as a food source (esp. Musa acuminata and the triploid hybrid of Musa x paradisiaca); Musa textilis (Manila-hemp, abacá) and Musa basjoo are used as a fiber source for twine, textiles, and building materials.
Musaceae
Musa Banana MusaceaeMusa Banana Musaceae
Musa Banana MusaceaeMusa Banana Musaceae
Musa Banana MusaceaeMusa Banana Musaceae
Ensete Musaceae
StrelitziaceaeMusaceae
Strelitziaceae - Bird-of-paradise family (after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III). 3 genera (Phenakospermum, Ravenala, Strelitzia) / 7
species.
Strelitziaceae - Bird-of-paradise family (after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III). 3 genera (Phenakospermum, Ravenala, Strelitzia) / 7
species.
The Strelitziaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having rhizomatous and decumbent or erect, arborescent stems with distichous leaves and flowers having 5-6 stamens.
P (3+3) A 5 or 6 G (3), inferior.
The Strelitziaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having rhizomatous and decumbent or erect, arborescent stems with distichous leaves and flowers having 5-6 stamens.
P (3+3) A 5 or 6 G (3), inferior.
Strelitzia nicolai Giant/Tree Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia nicolai Giant/Tree Bird of Paradise
Strelitzia reginae Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise
Strelitzia reginae Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise
Strelitzia reginae Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise
Strelitzia reginae Bird of ParadiseStrelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise
Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species
Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species
The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes.
P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.
The Zingiberaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having distichous, usually ligulate leaves with a single, dithecal stamen and a petaloid labellum derived from two staminodes.
P (3+3) A 1 fertile + 2 + (2) petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.
Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species
Zingiberaceae - Ginger family (from a pre-Gr. name, possibly from India). 50 genera / 1,200 species
Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants,
e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria
cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale
(ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g.,
Alpinia and Hedychium.
Economic importance includes the source of important spice plants,
e.g., Curcuma spp., including C. domestica (turmeric), Elettaria
cardamomum (cardamom), and Zingiber spp., including Z. officinale
(ginger); some species are grown as cultivated ornamentals, e.g.,
Alpinia and Hedychium.
Zingiberaceae
StrelitziaceaeMusaceae
Alpinia Shell GingerAlpinia Shell Ginger
Brachychilus horsfieldiiBrachychilus horsfieldii
GlobbaGlobba
HedychiumHedychium
HedychiumHedychium
HedychiumHedychium
Nicolaia elatiorNicolaia elatior
Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family (Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species
Cannaceae - Canna-Lily family (Gr. canna, a reed). 1 genus (Canna) / 25 species
The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes.
P 3+3 A 1, petaloid & monothecal + 1-4 petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.
The Cannaceae are distinguished from related families of the Zingiberales in having usually distichous leaves and flowers with one petaloid, monothecal stamen associated with 1-4[5] petaloid staminodes.
P 3+3 A 1, petaloid & monothecal + 1-4 petaloid staminodes G (3), inferior.
Cannaceae
StrelitziaceaeMusaceae Zingiberaceae
Canna sp. CannaceaeCanna sp. Cannaceae
Canna sp. CannaceaeCanna sp. Cannaceae
Canna sp. CannaceaeCanna sp. Cannaceae
Canna sp. CannaceaeCanna sp. Cannaceae
Commelinaceae—Spiderwort family (after Caspar Commelijn, Dutch botanist, 1667–1731)
39 genera/640 species.
Commelinaceae—Spiderwort family (after Caspar Commelijn, Dutch botanist, 1667–1731)
39 genera/640 species.
The Commelinaceae are distinctive in being mostly perennial herbs with closed sheathed leaves and a trimerous, hypogynous flower with an ephemeral corolla, staminodia in some, most species with characteristic 3-celled glandular microhairs, the latter a probable apomorphy for the family.
K 3 or (3) C 3 or (3) A 3 or 3 + 3 staminodes or 1 G (3)
The Commelinaceae are distinctive in being mostly perennial herbs with closed sheathed leaves and a trimerous, hypogynous flower with an ephemeral corolla, staminodia in some, most species with characteristic 3-celled glandular microhairs, the latter a probable apomorphy for the family.
K 3 or (3) C 3 or (3) A 3 or 3 + 3 staminodes or 1 G (3)
Haemodoraceae—Bloodwort family(Gr. haimo, blood, in reference to red pigmentation in roots and
rootstocks of some members)13 genera/100 species.
Haemodoraceae—Bloodwort family(Gr. haimo, blood, in reference to red pigmentation in roots and
rootstocks of some members)13 genera/100 species.
The Haemodoraceae are distinctive in being perennial herbs with arylphenalenone compounds (imparting a reddish coloration to stems and roots in almost all Haemodoroideae), unifacial leaves, and variable flowers.
P 3+3 or (3+3) or (6) A 1,3,6 G (3), inferior or superior,
hypanthium present or absent.
The Haemodoraceae are distinctive in being perennial herbs with arylphenalenone compounds (imparting a reddish coloration to stems and roots in almost all Haemodoroideae), unifacial leaves, and variable flowers.
P 3+3 or (3+3) or (6) A 1,3,6 G (3), inferior or superior,
hypanthium present or absent.
Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad family (after Swedish medical doctor and botanist, Olof Ole Bromell
(1639-1705). 59 genera / 2,400 species
Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad family (after Swedish medical doctor and botanist, Olof Ole Bromell
(1639-1705). 59 genera / 2,400 species
The Bromeliaceae are distinctive in being perrenial terrestrial or epiphytic herbs or shrubs with surface peltate scales, often colorful bracts, and trimerous flowers with typically twisted stigmas.
P 3+3 or (3)+(3) A 3+3 G 3, superior or inferior.
Economic importance: Ananas comosus, pineapple.
The Bromeliaceae are distinctive in being perrenial terrestrial or epiphytic herbs or shrubs with surface peltate scales, often colorful bracts, and trimerous flowers with typically twisted stigmas.
P 3+3 or (3)+(3) A 3+3 G 3, superior or inferior.
Economic importance: Ananas comosus, pineapple.
Peltate scalesPeltate scales
Peltate scalesPeltate scales fr. Pierce, 2006
Twisted StylesTwisted Styles
AechmeaAechmea
Ananas comosus PineappleAnanas comosus Pineapple
Bilbergia nutans (left), sp. (right)Bilbergia nutans (left), sp. (right)
Dyckia dawsoniiDyckia dawsonii
NeoregaliaNeoregalia
NeoregaliaNeoregalia
Puya alpestrisPuya alpestris
Puya venustusPuya venustus Puya sp.
Tillandsia fasciculataTillandsia fasciculata
Tillandsia usneoides Spanish-MossTillandsia usneoides Spanish-Moss
Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species
Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species
The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually
3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous
leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a
central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts,
each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual
flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales,
usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or
3-sided achene.
P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior.
The Cyperaceae are distinctive in being herbs with usually
3-sided, solid-pithed stems, closed-sheathed, often tristichous
leaves, the inflorescence a “sedge spikelet,” consisting of a
central axis bearing many sessile, distichous or spiral bracts,
each subtending a single, reduced unisexual or bisexual
flower, with perianth absent or reduced to bristles or scales,
usually 3 stamens, and a 2–3-carpellate ovary, the fruit a 2- or
3-sided achene.
P 6 or 0 [1-∞] A 3 [1-6+] G (2-3)[(4)], superior.
Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species
Cyperaceae - Sedge family (Gr. for several species of Cyperus). 98 genera / 4,350 species
Economic importance is limited, with some
species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing
material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which
was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used
as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella
plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being
noxious weeds.
Economic importance is limited, with some
species used as mats, thatch, weaving material, or writing
material (Cyperus papyrus, papyrus, the culm pith of which
was historically used to make paperlike scrolls), a few used
as ornamental cultivars (e.g., Cyperus involucratus, umbrella
plant), and some species, such as the nutsedges, being
noxious weeds.
Cyperaceae of San Diego County
Cyperaceae of San Diego County
Bolboschoenus maritimus Bolboschoenus maritimus
Carex barbarae Carex barbarae
malespikelet
femalespikelets
femalespikelet
perigynia
Carex praegracilis Carex praegracilis
femalespikelet
perigyniaenclosingovaries
Carex triquetra
Cyperus sp.
spikelet: bracts
distichous
Cyperus involucratusCyperus involucratus
spikelet involucral
bracts
Eleocharis macrostachya Eleocharis macrostachya
Eleocharis montevidensis Eleocharis montevidensis
Eleocharis parishii Eleocharis parishii
Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] americanus Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] americanus
Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] californicus Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] californicus
Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens Shoenoplectus [Scirpus] pungens
involucralbract
spikelet
Juncaceae - Rush family (L. for binder, in reference to use in weaving and basketry).
7 genera / 430 species
Juncaceae - Rush family (L. for binder, in reference to use in weaving and basketry).
7 genera / 430 species
The Juncaceae are distinctive in being usually perennial herbs with spiral, sheathing, bifacial or unifacial leaves, trimerous, actinomorphic flowers with a typically scarious perianth and a loculicidal capsule.
P 3+3 [2+2 or 3] A 3+3 [3+0 or 2] G (3), superior, hypanthium absent
The Juncaceae are distinctive in being usually perennial herbs with spiral, sheathing, bifacial or unifacial leaves, trimerous, actinomorphic flowers with a typically scarious perianth and a loculicidal capsule.
P 3+3 [2+2 or 3] A 3+3 [3+0 or 2] G (3), superior, hypanthium absent
Juncaceae of San Diego CountyJuncaceae of San Diego County
Juncus acutus Spiny Rush Juncus acutus Spiny Rush
Juncus bufonius Juncus bufonius
Juncus dubius Juncus dubius
Juncus dubius Juncus dubius
Juncus phaeocephalus Juncus phaeocephalus
Poaceae - Grass family (after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species
Poaceae - Grass family (after Poa, Gr. name for a grass). 668 genera / 9,500 species
STEMS: hollow-pithed
LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade
INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet
= axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets
Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower
FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3)
FRUIT: caryopsis (grain).
STEMS: hollow-pithed
LEAVES: open-sheathed, distichous, with a ligule at inner junction with blade
INFLORESCENCE: grass spikelet
= axis + two basal glumes + 1-∞ florets
Floret = short lateral axis + lemma + palea + flower
FLOWER: P 2-3 lodicules A 2-3 (pendulous) G (2-3)
FRUIT: caryopsis (grain).
DISTRIBUTION: worldwide.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
1) agricultural grains (most important food in world):
barley (Hordeum)
corn (Zea)
oats (Avena)
rice (Oryza)
rye (Secale)
wheat (Triticum);
2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin
3) forage and grazing plants;
4) important components of many ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannahs.
DISTRIBUTION: worldwide.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:
1) agricultural grains (most important food in world):
barley (Hordeum)
corn (Zea)
oats (Avena)
rice (Oryza)
rye (Secale)
wheat (Triticum);
2) alcoholic beverages: beer, whiskey, gin
3) forage and grazing plants;
4) important components of many ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannahs.
distichousleaf
arrangement
distichousleaf
arrangement
open sheathopen sheath
liguleligule
Bamboos
Fruit: Grain
Achnatherum coronatumAchnatherum coronatum
GRASSES OF SAN DIEGO CO.
Agrostis pallensAgrostis pallens
Arundo donaxArundo donax
Avena barbataAvena barbata
Avena fatuaAvena fatua
Bothriochloa barbinodisBothriochloa barbinodis
Brachypodium distachyonBrachypodium distachyon
Briza minorBriza minor
Bromus diandrusBromus diandrus
Bromus hordeaceusBromus hordeaceus
Bromus rubens ssp. madritensisBromus rubens ssp. madritensis
Cortaderia selloanaCortaderia selloana
Cynodon dactylonBermuda Grass
Cynodon dactylonBermuda Grass
Distichlis littoralis [Monanthochloe l.]Distichlis littoralis [Monanthochloe l.]
Distichlis spicataDistichlis spicata
Echinochloa crus-galiEchinochloa crus-gali
Gastridium ventricosumGastridium ventricosum
Hordeum murinumHordeum murinum
Lamarckia aureaLamarckia aurea
Lolium multiflorumLolium multiflorum
Melica frutescensMelica frutescens
Melica imperfectaMelica imperfecta
Muhlenbergia microspermaMuhlenbergia microsperma
Muhlenbergia rigensMuhlenbergia rigens
Nasella lepidaNasella lepida
Nasella pulchraNasella pulchra
Parapholis incurvaParapholis incurva
Paspalum dilatatumPaspalum dilatatum
Paspalum distichumPaspalum distichum
Pennisetum setaceumPennisetum setaceum
Piptatherum miliaceumPiptatherum miliaceum
Polypogon maritimusPolypogon maritimus
Polypogon monspeliensisPolypogon monspeliensis
Melinis repensMelinis repens
Schismus barbatusSchismus barbatus
Spartina foliosaSpartina foliosa
Vulpia myurosVulpia myuros