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Skeletal muscle
is s
triat
ed.
is la
rgel
y unde
r volu
...
is p
rimar
ily re
gulate
d ..
A a
nd B a
re c
orre
ct.
A, B
and
C are
corre
ct.
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. is striated.
2. is largely under voluntary control.
3. is primarily regulated by hormones from the endocrine system.
4. A and B are correct.
5. A, B and C are correct.
10
2
Which of the following is true?
The
origin
of a
musc
l...
A m
uscl
e m
ust c
over t
..
Musc
les
cross
ing
one...
1 a
nd 2
are
corre
ct.
25% 25%25%25%1. The origin of a muscle on a
limb is usually proximal to its insertion.
2. A muscle must cover the limb or other body part it moves.
3. Muscles crossing one joint have more complex actions than those crossing two joints.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.
3
Antagonistic muscle groups
contra
ct to
gether
to p
...
are
usu
ally
loca
ted o
...
per
form
oppos
ite fu
n...
are
usu
ally
circ
ular .
..
0% 0%0%0%
1. contract together to perform a coordinated movement
2. are usually located on the same side of a limb
3. perform opposite functions (opposite limbs)
4. are usually circular muscles
The primary function of muscle is
conve
rsio
n of h
eat e
...
conve
rsio
n of h
eat e
...
conve
rsio
n of m
echa
...
conve
rsio
n of c
hemic
..
0% 0%0%0%
1. conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy.
2. conversion of heat energy into chemical energy.
3. conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.
4. conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy.
10
5
Ch 8 Appendicular Skeletonhttp://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/
080916/koddities/brite_world_records
http://ca.video.yahoo.com/watch/850750/3484461
Consists of the bones of the limbs and their girdles (attachments)
Pectoral girdles attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle attach lower limbs to axial skeleton
Upper limbs Lower limbs
Similarities -
Differences
Upper and lower limbs
6
7
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle OVERALL Function:
provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs
to attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
Clavicle (anterior) Scapula (posterior)
Function brace that holds scapula and arms
to provide mobility for upper limbs
Location attach to sternum (breastbone) anterior part of thorax
DOES NOT joinvertebrae posteriorly.muscles attach them tothoracic cage andvetebral column
8
Clavicle (collarbone)
Fractured Clavicle A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall Therefore, most breaks occur approximately in the middle of the clavicle
9
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Type of joint Ball and socket. Synovial diarthroses
Acromion articulates with clavicle
Glenoid cavity shallow depression. Joint between scapula and humerus is shallow to allow for mobility
Coracoid process &fossa
sites of attachment for tendons and ligaments of shoulder muscles
10
Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint
Flexibility vs stability
11
Stability of Shoulder joint
Rotator cuff muscles
Extend from scapula posterior to shoulder joint to attach to the humerus
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
Encircle the joint & fuse with articular capsule
Hold head of humerus in socket
13
Upper Limb- Humerus (upper arm)
longest and largest bone of upper limb
articulates with proximal end:
scapula (head of humerous with glenoid cavity of scapula)
distal end: ulna and radius at elbow joint
Moving the Forearm (elbow) Flexors: biceps
brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis
Extensors: triceps brachii, anconeus.
Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus.
Spinator: supinator
15
Bones of the Forearm Ulna (pinky side)
medial aspect of forearm longer than radius
Radius (thumb side) lateral aspect of forearm proximal end has disc shaped head
articulate with each other at 3 sites
16
17
The Hand
carpals (wrist) metacarpals (palms) phalanges (fingers) What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
18
Special Movements of hands & fingers
Figure 8.6e
1. Supination- palm turned anteriorly (upward)2. Pronation- palm turned posteriorly (downward)3. Opposition- movement of thumb in which the thumb moves across
palm to touch tips of fingers on same hand, eg allows us to pick up things, pincer grip.
Some news articles Double arm transplant
News article Body Integrity Identity Disorder
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcb2L9UMUzc
19
20
Which of the following is true?1. Muscles pull on bones
2. Muscles push on bones.
3. The end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves least is the insertion of that muscle.
4. The end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves most is the origin of the muscle.
10
21
Skeletal muscles
may
be
cont
ract
ed to
...
mov
e m
ater
ials
thro
u..
are
mai
nly u
nila
tera
l
1 a
nd 2
are
corre
ct
0% 0%0%0%
1. may be contracted to maintain a static position
2. move materials through the body (smooth muscles)
3. are mainly unilateral
4. 1 and 2 are correct
10
22
The pectoral girdle
incl
udes
the
scap
ula.
incl
udes
the
clav
icle
.
atta
ches
the
low
er e
...
A a
nd B a
re c
orre
ct
0% 0%0%0%
1. includes the scapula.
2. includes the clavicle.
3. attaches the lower extremity to the trunk
4. A and B are correct
23
Which part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?
gle
noid
cav
ity
acr
omiu
m
Spin
e
cora
coid
pro
cess
med
ial b
order
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. glenoid cavity
2. acromium
3. Spine
4. coracoid process
5. medial border
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skeleton of the Lower LimbTwo separate regions
1. A single pelvic girdle (2 bones)
2. The free part (30 bones)
Why are the lower limb bones larger and stronger than the upper limb bones?
25
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
Function Attaches the lower limbs to axial skeleton with the strongest
ligaments of the body Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
Structure: pair of hip bones, sacrum and pubic symphysis
How does the acetabulum compare with glenoid cavity?
Hip (coxal) Bone
Consists of 3 bones which fused during adult hood (ilium, pubic bone, ischium)
26
True and False Pelves
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
a line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis
True pelvis - the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim, has an inlet, an outlet and a cavity
Pelvic axis - path of baby during birth
False pelvis - lies above pelvic brim Contains no pelvic organs
except urinary bladder (when full) and uterus during pregnancy
28
Structural differences are mainly due to adaptation needed for childbirth
Female pelvis Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing More space in true pelvis, which defines birth canal, more
space in female to accommodate passage of infant’s head at birth
Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Male and Female Pelvic Structure
29
Male and Female Pelvic StructureCharacteristic Female Male
General structure
Light and thin Heavy and thick
Pubic arch >90 degree <90 degree
Pelvic brim Larger and more oval Smaller and heart shaped
Coccyx More moveable and more curved anteriorly
Less moveable and less curved anteriorly
Pelvic outlet Wider Narrower
Ischial tuberosity
Shorter, farther apart, more medially projecting
Longer, closer together, more laterally projecting
30
Muscles of Pelvic Floor (Pelvic Diaphragm) Levator ani (two paired muscles)
Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus
Function Close the inferior outlet of the pelvis Support the pelvic floor Elevate the pelvic floor to help release feces Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure
31
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor: Pelvic Diaphragm
Cardiac muscle
contra
ctio
n is
dep
en...
is s
triat
ed.
is u
naffe
cted
by
hor...
is fo
und in th
e wal
ls o
...
is la
rgel
y unde
r volu
...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. contraction is dependent on stimulation by the nervous system.
2. is striated.
3. is unaffected by hormones.
4. is found in the walls of blood vessels and in the heart.
5. is largely under voluntary control.
10
Smooth muscle (found in blood vessels, gut)
is re
gulate
d by
the
n...
is lo
cate
d in th
e co
ve...
is la
rgel
y unde
r volu
...
is s
triat
ed.
0% 0%0%0%
1. is regulated by the nervous system and hormones. (hollow organs, long tube)
2. is located in the coverings of solid organs.
3. is largely under voluntary control.
4. is striated.
10
Which type of muscle tissue has a pacemaker to allow the tissue to beat automatically?
Ske
leta
l
Car
diac
Sm
ooth
Stri
ated
0% 0%0%0%
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
4. Striated
10
Why is smooth muscle called “smooth”?
it h
as s
triat
ions
in p
ar...
it is
found in
the
smo...
it is
invo
lunta
rily
cont..
.
it h
as n
o stri
atio
ns
0% 0%0%0%
1. it has striations in parallel rows
2. it is found in the smooth walls of the hollow internal structures
3. it is involuntarily controlled
4. it has no striations [reason why it looks smooth](skeletal – striated, smooth – non striated)
10
Describe the functions of muscle tissue (general)1) produce body movements (sk)2) stabilize body positions (sk)3) store and move substances within the body (sk)4) produce heat (sk smooth)5) provide communication among cells of the body (nerves)
0% 0%0%0%
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2. 1, 2
3. 1, 2, 3
4. 1, 2, 3, 4
10
Which of the choices listed below are characteristics of skeletal muscle?1) the function of most of these muscles is to move bones2) skeletal muscle is striated with alternating light and dark bands3) skeletal muscle can be consciously controlled4) most skeletal muscles can be subconsciously controlled5) skeletal (right: SMOOTH not skeletal)muscles are found in the walls of the hollow organs
0% 0%0%0%
1. 1, 2, 3, 4
2. 1, 2, 3
3. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
4. 2, 4, 5
10
38
What is the structural and functional classification for a knee joint?
fibro
us –
synar
thro
sis
car
tilag
inous
– sy
nar...
syn
ovial
– a
mphia
rthr..
.
syn
ovial
– d
iarth
rosi
s
0% 0%0%0%
1. fibrous – synarthrosis
2. cartilaginous – synarthrosis
3. synovial – amphiarthrosis
4. synovial – diarthrosis
39
The Lower Limb 3 segments
Femur (Thigh) Patella (knee)
Tibia & fibula (Leg) Foot
Function carry the weight of the erect body, Are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs
Femur
Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body
Articulations: Proximal: head articulates
with acetabulum Distal: the medial and lateral
condyles articulate with the condyles of the tibia forming the knee joint. Also articulates with patella
Neck - distal to head, common site of fracture
40
Response to Mechanical Stress The upside of having a big backside
41Figure 6.13
Muscles Crossing the Hip Joint The ball-and-socket hip joint permits
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
The muscles for these movements are most powerful
Movement of thigh at the hip joint is by muscles anchored to the pelvic girdle – the iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae and rectus femoris
Iliopsoas are the iliacus and psoas major
Quadriceps femoris has 4 heads Rectus femoris crosses hip All insert into quadricep tendon all act to extend the knee
Adductor muscles bring legs together cross hip joint medially
Thigh extension
Hamstring muscles semimembranosus (medial) semitendinosus (medial) biceps femoris (lateral) extend hip & flex knee
Pulled hamstring tear of origin of muscles
from pelvis Gluteus muscles
maximus extends hip medius & minimus abduct
44
Knee bone (patella)
Function Protect knee (patellofemoral) joint maintains position of tendon when knee is flexed (bent) increases leverage of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Structure: Largest sesamoid bone in the body Patellofemoral stress syndrome - “runner’s knee” http://www.animatedhealth.com/video_adam_zimmer.html
When knee flexes and extends, patella glides up & down in groove between 2 femoral condyles
Tibia and FibulaTibia (shin bone) Structure: larger, medial bone Function: to bear weight of
body Articulations: femur and fibula
(proximally) and fibula & talus (ankle) distally
Fibula Structure: lateral, smaller bone Function: does not bear
weight but stabililzes ankle joint
Articulations: Tibia (proximally) and talus distally
45
46
Knee (tibiofemoral) Joint
Most complex joint in the body!! Between femur, tibia and patella Flexion, extension, and slight rotation of tibia on femur when knee is flexed Articular capsule – weak and incomplete at sides and posteriorly but
strengthened by tendons and fibular and tibial collateral ligaments which stabilize and strengthen
Many bursa - Vulnerable joint Knee injuries damage ligaments & tendons since bones do not fit together well
47
Knee injuries
Knee cannot withstand lateral force
What structures are torn?
48
Knee
Lateral & medial menisci: Help compensate for irregular shape of bonesfibrocartilage articular discs. Medial meniscus - C-shaped fibrocartilageLateral meniscus - nearly circular. Deepen joint to prevent side to side movementPosterior cruciate ligament- x shaped with ACLAnterior cruciate ligament- secures bones
49
Foot
Tarsus (ankle):Talus- only bone that articulates with fibula and tibia Calcaneuos (heel bone) - largest and strongest tarsal bone During walking, talus transmits 50% body’s weight to calcaneuos (Other 50% divided amongst other tarsal bones)
Metatarsus (foot): first one is thicker because it bears more weight Phalanges (toes)
Function Supports body
weight Acts as a lever to
propel the body forward in walking and running
50
Arches of the Foot
Maintained by interlocking foot bones, tendons and strong ligaments Functions:
Allow the foot to hold up weight, ie the arches flex when body weight applied
Distributes weight to heel and ball of foot, ie provide spring and leverage to the foot when walking
Various leg muscles produce the following movements at the: Ankle – dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Intertarsal joints – inversion and eversion of the foot Toes – flexion and extension
52
1. Inversion: movement of soles medially so they face each other2. Eversion: movement of soles laterally so they face away from each other3. Plantar flexion: bending foot an ankle in direction of downward/inferior (plantar)
surface, eg standing on tiptoes.4. Dorsiflexion: bending of foot at ankle in an upward direction (direction of dorsum
(superior surface)), eg stand on your heels
Special movement of the feet