Cell phone

Cell Phone Use While DrivingBy: Amanda Letoski & Joe Dorzinsky

Exploration: Cell Phone Use While Driving Facts

•Cell Phone use while driving is common but controversial.

•Some jurisdictions have made the use of a cell phone while driving illegal.

•Others have enacted laws to ban handheld mobile phone use, but allow use of a hands-free device.


• Handheld Cell Phones: 6 states (Calif., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Ore. and Wash.), D.C. and the Virgin Islands prohibit all drivers from using handheld cell phones while driving.

•All laws are primary enforcement—an officer may cite a driver for using a handheld cell phone without any other traffic offense taking place.


•All Cell Phone Use: No state bans all cell phone use (handheld and hands-free) for all drivers, but many prohibit all cell phone use by certain drivers:

•School Bus Drivers: Bus drivers in 17 states and D.C. may not use a cell phone when passengers are present.


• Text Messaging: 23 states, D.C. and Guam ban text messaging for all drivers. 18 states, D.C., and Guam have primary enforcement. In the other five, texting bans are secondary.

• Crash Data Collection: Many states include a category for cell phone/electronic equipment distraction on police accident report forms. Recently proposed federal legislation would require states to collect this data in order to qualify for certain federal funding.


• The National Safety Council announced today that it estimates at least 28% of all traffic crashes – or at least 1.6 million crashes each year – are caused by drivers using cell phones and texting. NSC estimates that 1.4 million crashes each year are caused by drivers using cell phones and a minimum of 200,000 additional crashes each year are caused by drivers who are texting.

Questions

•Overall Question: Is cell phone use while driving a major problem today that should be strictly enforced?

•Research Question: Will the law on cell phone use while driving reduce accidents if it is strictly enforced?

•Research Hypothesis: Cell phone use while driving does cause accidents.

Related Factors

•Factors that contribute to accidents:▫Cell Phone Use▫Road Rage▫Changing the Radio▫Other – weather, passengers, not paying

attention•89% agreed with the law being put into

effect on cell phone use•71% included cell phone use as a

contributer to accidents

Data Collection

•Target Audience: Random sample of 38 employees from FNCB & Olympus

•Sampling Plan: Randomly distributed the survey to business professionals

•Summary of Respondents: Passed out 50 surveys, and received 23 back from FNCB and 15 from Olympus

•Method of Survey: Printed out survey and handed them out

Data Preparation-Survey

•Have you ever been in a car accident?

Data Preparation-Survey • What is the number one cause of accidents today?

▫ (a) Road Rage (b) Cell Phone Use (c) Changing the Radio (d) All the above (e) Other______

Data Preparation-Survey Do you ever talk or text while driving?

How often would you say you use your cell phone while driving?

• (a) Yes (b) no • (a) always (b) sometimes (c) never


•What would you say you use your cell phone for the most?


•Would you say that a lot of accidents are caused by cell phone use?


•Do you agree with the current laws being put into effect to eliminate people using their cell phones while driving?

First Hypothesis Test

•Are more than half the accidents today caused by cell phones? ▫Null: <=.50 More than half the accidents

today are not caused by cell phones.

▫Alt: >.50 More than half the accidents today

are caused by cell phones.

One Sample Proportion Test hypothes

ized value

sample proport

ion xsample

size std error 0.50 0.74 28.00 38 0.08111

NULL : P<=.50 More then half of the accidents today are not caused by cell phonesALTERNATIVE: >.50 More then half of the accidents today are caused by cell phones

test statistic (obs)2.920 critical measure1.960 =NORMSINVone-tailed or two-tailed? 1

|obs| > critical?Yes

p-value 0.002 =(# of tails)*(1-NORMSDIST)a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level?YesReject

HYPOTHESIS TESTSfor the proportion

Are more than half the accidents today caused by cell phones?

•Reject the null hypothesis ▫T- stat. > T – crit. ▫P value < a-level ▫Therefore more than half the accidents are

caused by cell phone use.

Second Hypothesis Test

•Do more than half the people agree that enforced laws on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents?▫Null: <=.50 More than half the people do

not agree that enforced laws on cell phones will reduce accidents.

▫Alt: >.50 More than half the people do agree that enforced laws on cell phones will reduce accidents.

One Sample Proportion Test hypothe

sized value

sample propor

tion xsample

size std error 0.50 0.74 28.00 38 0.08111

NULL : P<=.50 More then half of the people do not agree that enforced laws on cell phones will reduce accidentsALTERNATIVE: >.50 More then half of the people agree that enforced laws on cell phones will reduce accidents

test statistic (obs)2.920 critical measure1.960 =NORMSINVone-tailed or two-tailed? 1

|obs| > critical?Yes

p-value 0.002 =(# of tails)*(1-NORMSDIST)a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level?YesReject

HYPOTHESIS TESTSfor the proportion

Do more than half the people agree that enforced laws on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents?•Reject the null hypothesis

▫T- stat. > T – crit. ▫P value < a-level ▫Therefore, More than half the people do

agree that enforced laws on cell phones will reduce accidents.

Simple Linear Regression Test• Is there a relationship between individuals that

think laws enforced on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents and the percentage of effectiveness of the law?

•X = individuals that think laws on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents

•Y = the percentage of effectiveness the law on cell phones will be if enforced

Simple Linear Regression

•Null: There is not a relationship between individuals that think laws enforced on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents and the percentage of effectiveness of the law.

•Alt: There is a relationship between individuals that think laws enforced on cell phone use while driving will reduce accidents and the percentage of effectiveness of the law.

Simple Linear Regression Model SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.821344105R Square 0.67460614Adjusted R Square 0.665567421Standard Error 0.258071855Observations 38

ANOVAdf SS MS F Significance F

Regression 1 4.970782 4.970782 74.63515 0.00 Residual 36 2.397639 0.066601Total 37 7.368421

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%Intercept 0.180364614 0.076823 2.347801 0.02 0.024560794 0.336168 0.024560794 0.336168435Effective 1.187985655 0.137512 8.639164 0.00 0.909099113 1.466872 0.909099113 1.466872196

Simple Linear Regression

•R squared = 67.46%•Standard Error = 0.26•Significance Level = 0.00•P-value = 0.02•Effective (x) = 1.18•Intercept (y) = 0.18 •The p-value is less than alpha (0.05)

Simple Linear Regression Conclusion• We will reject the null, that proves that

there is relationship between the people that agree with the law being enforced on cell phone use while driving and the % of effectiveness the law will be.

Effective Line fit Plot

Conclusions

•Based on the tests, there were obvious factors contributing to the fact that cell phone use while driving does cause accidents

•Therefore, enforced laws on cell phone use while driving will help reduce accidents caused by cell phones

Suggestions for Improving Study•Sample different ages•Survey different states•Survey different countries•Ask a question concerning who had an

accident due to the use of a cell phone?•Ask a question regarding location(city,

rural, etc.)

QUESTIONS??

Education

Cell phone