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NETWORK DESIGNS Scalable Network :
Network that support growth at the same time cost for end point remains constanct.
That means cost should not be increased at drastic level while expanding the network.
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Design Model 1 :Hierarchical Network Design : Core Switches are used to connect the Buildings
Distribution switches are used to connect floors in a building
Access Switches are used to connect systems in a floor
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Access devices are L2 switches responsible for attaching end systems to the network and assigning them in VLANs
Distribution devices are L3 switches responsible for inter vlan routing and apply traffic policies such as firewalling and QOS decisions
Core devices are backbone, provide high-speed paths between distribution devices
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Design Model 2 : Campus design with switch blocks
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Switch Block: A set of distribution devices and their accompanying access layer switches are called a SWITCH BLOCK
The typical number of systems in a switch block is roughly 2000
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Design Model 3 : ECNM : Enterprise Campus Network Model
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1. Enterprise campus has five sections Campus backbone Building Distribution Building Access Management Server farm
2. Enterprise Edge has four sections E-commerce (app servers) Internet connectivity Remote access ( VPN-dialup) WAN (internal links)
3. Service Provider Edge includes Internet service Provider –ISP PSTN for dialup Frame relay, PPP for private connectivity
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing Protocols Classification:
Routing Protocols basically classified into two categories
• Distance Vector (DV)/Advanced DV
• Link State (LS)
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Distance Vector :
• Work by passing copies of their routing table to neighbors.
• Also known as “routing by rumor” because neighbors talk to neighbors and not the source of the route
• Distance vector routing is less processor and memory-intensive
• Can have loops because decisions are made on incomplete information
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Link State :
• Work by advertising a list of their neighbors and the networks attached to their neighbors until all routers
have a copy of all lists
• Routers then run shortest path first algorithm to analyze all paths and determine best paths
• Requires more CPU time and memory
• Loop-free because routers know all possible routes
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Class ful Routing Protocols :
• Don’t advertise subnet mask value with the network prefix
• Don’t support VLSM and CIDR
Classless Routing Protocols :
• Advertise subnet mask value with the network prefix
• Support VLSM and CIDR
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Interior Gateway Protocols :
• Communicate within the Autonomous system
• Intra domain routing protocols
Exterior Gateway Protocols :
• Communicate between different Autonomous systems
• Inter domain routing protocols
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ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Proprietary :
• Single vendor protocols
• Don’t work in other vendor routers
Open Standard:
• Multi vendor protocols
• Work in all routers
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ROUTING PROTOCOLSSlower Convergence :
• Takes much time to recognize and fix a routing problem
Faster Convergence:
• Takes less time to recognize and fix a routing problem
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ROUTE SUMMARIZATIONRoute Summarization :
• Summarization is the technique of grouping IP networks together to minimize advertisements
• Summarization hides details to simplify the routing process
• Summarization reduces router resource consumption (cpu/memory)
• Summarization saves network capacity
• Summarization hides flapping links
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Routing Updates without Summarization : Sending 8 network updates individually
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Routing Updates with Summarization : Sending 1 summarized update that includes all 8 individual networks
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Route Summarization Example :
From the router only one update is going to internet This summarized update includes all the networks in Division A, Division B, Division C
