THE TIMBER BUS SHELTER PROJECT

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ASSIGNMENT

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2 (BLD 60703)PROJECT 1 : SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)

TUTOR: MR. EDWIN CHAN

GROUP MEMBERS:NG KHENG SOON 0318946 LOONG BO LIN 0321469SUKESHSHEF RAMACHANDRAM 0327162TEO CHIA YEE 0324705YEN WEI ZHENG 0320266 YONG MAN KIT 0319778

Content

01 Introduction 02. Design Development 02.1 Design concept 02.2 Proposed designs 02.3 Technical drawings 02.4 Design Consideration 03 Materials 04 Construction Details 05 Construction Process 06 Force Analysis07 Conclusion 08 References

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INTRODUCTION

Introduction

This project is form by a group of five to six people, to construct a temporary bus shelter according to the max height 600mm, max base 400mm x 800mm which is able to accommodate 5-6 people with 1:5 scale.The design of the bus shelter is a combination of pentagonal prism and ellipsoid.

Objective

1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural components.

2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.

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DESIGN DERIVATIVE

Design Concept

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FUNCTIONA bus stop is a designated place for passengers to to board or alight from bus. It provides shade and shelter from rain and sun. It might also a place for people to take a break.

Tropical climate-Hot and humid-Rainfall during certain period, thunderstorms can occurs

Urban area-Town-One sided roadway

-5-8 people-Height average: 175cm

CONCEPTThe design of the bus stop is based on the climate, settings and user. Our design highlights on the portability and its ease of installation, as it is removeable and could be reinstalled. Lightweight materials and removable joints are applied in the whole design.

Proposed Design

Option 1Steel Structure - Half cylinder + CuboidThis shelter design makes the seating part of its structure.

Reasons for rejectionThe design is challenging to construct due to the bending, organic design.

Steels are also more expensive and require higher maintenance as compared to timber, making it less ideal option for a temporary bus shelter.

Option 2Timber Structure - Pentagonal prism + EllipsoidThe structure of the proposed shelter design involves a lot of flexing and bending of timber.

Reasons for rejectionThe construction of the roof is too challenging to complete manually.

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Proposed Design

Out of option 1 and 2, we decided to stick with the timber frame system with vertical columns and a pitched roof. We continued to further explore the form as well as the structure’s load distribution abilities.

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Technical Drawings

Floor Plan Roof PlanNTS

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NTS

Technical Drawings

Right ElevationLeft ElevationNTS NTS

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Front Elevation

Rear Elevation NTS

Technical Drawings

NTS

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Weather Resistance The materials are able to withstand the uplift of strong wind and rain falls. The extended part of the roof is to give shades under the sun and to allow rain to run smoothly without entering the structure. [Ref. 2]

Gable roof allows the rainwater to fall along the sides of the roof which leads rainwater to flow outwards.

Three points are pinned on the roofs to make sure the structure is able to stand still with lateral forces brought by wind or rain.

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Access

The users may enter the bus shelter from either front or rear of the structure. It is designed to allow users enter easily and give non-obstructed views of approaching buses.

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MATERIALS

Timber is a natural building material that offers superior performance and environmental advantages. It is a versatile, sustainable, attractive and cost effective building material that combines beauty, performance and environmental advantage.

// Environmental - renewable, sustainable resource that store carbon dioxide- the manufacture process of wood products requires smaller amounts of energy and it can be reused

or recycled- low embodied energy

//Design Advantages- have aesthetic appeal - versatile and can be used in various contemporary uses and applications

// Product Performance- provides acoustic, thermal and strength performance- in a fire situation, timber performs in a measurable, predictable way allowing designers the ability to

create strong, durable, fire resistant timber constructions

Timber As Building Material

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Material Selection

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Concrete foundation

Metal sheet roofing

Timber purlinTimber roofing rafter

Timber ridge beam

Timber kingpost

Timber roof joistTimber roof beam

Timber columnPlywood decking

Timber decking beam

Timber decking rim joist

Timber strut

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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Dovetail scarf joint-used for the construction of the roof joist, this strong joint secures its form.

Gaps between plywood decking to prevent buckling

Mortise and tenon joint-simple but strong joint allows wooden joists to lock it in place

Ground rim joist/beam with L brackets and screws which carry the fraction of the load.

Joint & Details

Nailing-simple nailing secures non-structural wooden decking unto floor joists

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Model Making Progression

Wooden joist are measured and marked for assembly.

Joists are cut into correct sizes and filed for neatness.

Joists are nailed and secured using L brackets.

Decking is secured and nailed onto the superstructure.

Formwork is created and tested.

FLOOR

FOUNDATION

Cement and sand mix are added with water to form concrete.

Concrete is poured in and left to set for 2 days.

The formwork is then pried open and the concrete footing is complete. 14

Wood decking is nailed to the joist structure.

Model Making Progression

ROOF

Joists are constructed and nailed to build the main frame.

SEAT

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Kingpost are attached to the joists with L brackets.

Rafters are added by using metal plates.

The main skeletal structure is assembled and bolted together.

The roofing sheets are then added onto the roof rafters.

A bench is constructed using wood.

It is attached to the column by using L brackets.

It provides a sitting area for the bus shelter.

TEST RESULT

Forces Studies

Load DistributionThere are two different forces found in our temporary bus shelter : [Ref. 1]a)Dead loads Roof top and the columns are the stationary loads. Dead loads is the force transferred to the structure throughout the lifespan. Roof top is primarily due to self weight of the structure which is fixed permanently and it has weight of different materials.

b)Live loads The bench is known as a moving load in the structure. Although it is installed by the columns but it’s easy to uninstall and change the position of the installation. The decking is designed to carry live loads or concentrated loads whichever produce greater stresses in the part.

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Forces Diagram

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Dead loads Live loads

Diagram 7.1Right elevation view with arrows representing loads

Diagram 7.2Rear elevation view with arrows representing loads

Diagram 7.1 and 7.3 show the elevation of the bus stop with the directions of the loads of the structure

Test Result

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In real, the bus stop should withstand a number of 5 people in the structure, which is the average 60kg per person, in total 300kg, so the structure should be stable and can withstand heavy loads.

Structure status: CompletedTest subject: 600ml waterUnit: 6Weight: 600gAnalysis: Structure seems stable and able to withstand heavy loads as well as stand upright.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion

This project had given us an anxiety into the fundamental understanding of skeleton structure and its relevant structural components. Throughout this project, we had gained a fair amount of knowledge on the ability to apply the skeleton construction and its joints to actual construction.

As this project focuses more on the skeletal construction as compared to the design aesthetics, we decided to set a theme for our bus shelter to suit the given requirements. Our designs evolved and progressed a fair amount of times, as we noticed several weaknesses and limitation along the way. We also took the convenience of the temporary bus shelter into consideration, which included the ease of assembling and disassembling the bus shelter.

The seating for the users of the temporary bus shelter was placed according to the human anthropometry research and studies. The drainage of rainfall and ventilation were also considered.

Merging cosmetics and construction, we produced a bus shelter that renders the potential of the fabrication of both appearance and load and force construction apposite.

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REFERENCES

References

Sheerly, Ivor H. 1995, Building Technology. 5th edition. Basingstoke, Hants: MacMillan

Zannos, Alexander. 1987, Form and Structure in Architecture: The Role of Statistical Function. Von Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York

@. (2010). TYPES OF LOADS ON STRUCTURE. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/analysis/types-of-loads-on-structure/1698/

By Brice Cochran in Masonry/Concrete to Timber, Post and Beam Joints, Steel to Wood Connections, Timber Frame Joints 0. (n.d.). Timber Frame Joints - Timber Frame HQ. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://timberframehq.com/construction-details/joints/

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gable Roofs. (2015). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www.milohomes.com/advantages -and-disadvantages-of-gable-roofs/

Geoff's Woodwork . (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/joints.htm

Publications, I. O. (n.d.). How to Build a Timber Frame - DIY - MOTHER EARTH NEWS. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www. motherearthnews.com/diy/buildings/timber-frame-zv0z1512zsgre 20